Processing digital dental impression

ABSTRACT

A computer-implemented method of processing a digital dental impression includes determining one or more first digital surface regions visible from a first side of the digital dental impression along an occlusion axis and one or more second digital surface regions visible from a second side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis, segmenting the digital dental impression into one or more digital segments and determining the one or more digital segments as a first digital segment or a second digital segment based on the majority of digital surface regions in the one or more digital segments.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/451,968 filed on Jun. 25, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Specialized dental laboratories typically use computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) milling systems to manufacture dental prostheses based on patient-specific instructions provided by dentists. In a typical work flow, the dental laboratories receive information about a patient's oral situation from a dentist. Using this information, the dental laboratory designs a dental prosthesis on the CAD system and manufactures the prosthesis on the CAM system with a mill or other fabrication system. To use the CAD/CAM system, a digital model of the patient's dentition is required as an input to the process. Several techniques may be used to produce a digital dental model. Traditional dental laboratories use a stone and plaster process that can introduce errors and is cumbersome and time-consuming.

Although digitizing a physical impression can provide a digital model for a CAD/CAM system, digitizing the whole physical impression requires separating features from one another in the digital model. This can be problematic, for example, when trying to separate digital representations of two jaws from each other or when trying to exclude or remove non-anatomical features from the digital model. Additionally, since the scan can be taken of the patient's dentition at any arbitrary orientation, determining the occlusion axis and therefore orientation of the jaw(s) of the digital model can be problematic.

SUMMARY

A computer-implemented method of digitally processing a digital dental impression is disclosed. The computer-implemented method includes determining one or more first digital surface regions visible from a first side of the digital dental impression along an occlusion axis and one or more second digital surface regions visible from a second side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis, segmenting the digital dental impression into one or more digital segments and determining the one or more digital segments as a first digital segment or a second digital segment based on the majority of digital surface regions in the one or more digital segments.

A system for digitally processing a digital dental impression is disclosed. The system includes a processor, a computer-readable storage medium including instructions executable by the processor to perform steps including: determining one or more first digital surface regions visible from a first side of the digital dental impression along an occlusion axis and one or more second digital surface regions visible from a second side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis, segmenting the digital dental impression into one or more digital segments; and determining the one or more digital segments as a first digital segment or a second digital segment based on the majority of digital surface regions in the one or more digital segments.

Disclosed is a non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable computer program instructions for digitally processing a digital dental impression. The computer program instructions includes instructions for: determining one or more first digital surface regions visible from a first side of the digital dental impression along an occlusion axis and one or more second digital surface regions visible from a second side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis, segmenting the digital dental impression into one or more digital segments, and determining the one or more digital segments as a first digital segment or a second digital segment based on the majority of digital surface regions in the one or more digital segments.

A computer-implemented method of processing a digital dental impression is disclosed. The computer-implemented method includes: segmenting a digital surface based on curvature into one or more segments, determining one or more segments as bubble regions, and removing the one or more bubble regions from the digital dental impression.

A computer-implemented method of automatically determining an occlusion axis is disclosed. The method includes: determining a first and last intersection point between a digital dental impression and a chosen direction, calculating a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions, selecting a criteria indicating the occlusion axis, and applying the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions to determine the occlusion axis.

A computer-implemented method of automatically determining an occlusion axis, is disclosed. The method includes: generating two or more renderings of a digital dental impression in two or more directions, selecting a criteria indicating an orientation of an occlusion axis, and applying the criteria to a difference between depth values of the two or more renderings at each pixel to determine the occlusion axis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a three-way dental impression tray.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a three-way dental impression tray containing impression material.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a computed tomography (CT) scanning system.

FIG. 4 is a 2-dimensional (2D) radiographic image of a dental impression tray containing a dental impression.

FIG. 5 is a cross-section of a 3-dimensional (3D) volumetric image.

FIG. 6 is a 3-dimensional (3D) surface image representation of a portion of a patient's dentition.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a 3-dimensional (3D) object in the form of a cylinder.

FIG. 8A is an illustration of a cross-section of the cylinder of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 8B is an illustration of iso-surfaces derived from the 3D image of the cylinder of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 8C is an illustration of gradient vectors derived from the iso-surfaces shown in FIG. 8B.

FIG. 8D is a perspective view of a surface image representation of a portion of a patient's dentition including portions of the dentition of an upper jaw and portions of the dentition of a lower jaw.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a physical dental impression.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of an optical scanner.

FIG. 11(a) is a perspective view of a point cloud.

FIG. 11(b) is a perspective view of an example of a portion of a 3 dimensional volumetric density file depicted for simplicity in 2 dimensions.

FIG. 11(c) is a perspective view of an example of a portion of a 3 dimensional point cloud depicted for simplicity in 2 dimensions.

FIG. 12(a) is a graph illustrating a user selectable relationship between surface curvature and minimum distance.

FIG. 12(b) is a perspective view of a reduced point cloud.

FIG. 13 illustrates a method of triangulation in some embodiments.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an example of triangulation of a point cloud.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a digital model illustrating a triangulated digital surface mesh.

FIG. 16 is a 3-dimensional (3D) view of a digital dental impression.

FIG. 17 is a 3-dimensional (3D) view of a digital model of portions of a first jaw.

FIG. 18 is a 3-dimensional (3D) view of a digital model of portions of a second jaw.

FIGS. 19(a), 19(b), and 19(c) are illustrations of determining one or more directions.

FIG. 20 is an illustration of determining surface visibility.

FIG. 21 is an illustration of curvature determination.

FIG. 22 is an example of a 3-dimensional (3D) digital dental model.

FIG. 23(a) and FIG. 23(b) are cross sectional illustrations of portions of a patient dentition with one or more rays generated along chosen directions.

FIG. 24(a) is a graphical plot show z-depth of an image of a portion of patient dentition, and FIG. 24(b) is a 3-dimensional (3D) surface image representation of a portion of patient dentition.

FIG. 25 is a cross-section of a 3-dimensional (3D) patient dentition.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of patient dentition showing a cylinder along a best least-squares line fit to the digital surface of the digital model.

FIG. 27 and is a block diagram illustrating processes of automatic detection of a direction facing an opposite jaw.

FIG. 28 is a diagram illustrating features of detecting occlusion axis.

FIG. 29 is a 3D digital model of a digital dental impression with sidewall regions.

FIG. 30 a 3D digital model of a digital dental impression illustrating an example of surface region determination.

FIG. 31 is a 2D cross-section illustration showing surface region determination from two sides of a digital dental impression.

FIG. 32 is a 2D cross-section illustration showing surface region determination from two sides of a digital dental impression having holes or thin impression material regions.

FIGS. 33(a), 33(b), and 33(c) are illustrations showing segmentation.

FIG. 34 is a 3D digital model illustrating segments.

FIG. 35 is a 3D digital model portion illustrating one or more bubbles.

FIG. 36 is an illustration of a bubble on a digital model surface.

FIG. 37(a) is a 3D digital model of a non-impression side of a single jaw digital dental impression.

FIG. 37(b) is a 3D digital model of an impression side of a single jaw digital dental impression.

FIG. 37(c) is a 3D digital model of an impression side of a single jaw digital dental impression with detected cusps.

FIG. 37(d) is an illustration of an example of detecting cusps.

FIG. 38(a) is a flowchart example of detecting cusps via curvature.

FIG. 38(b) is a 3D digital model of a single tooth illustrating an example of detecting cusps via local maxima.

FIG. 39 is a 3D digital model of a single tooth illustrating an example of a single jaw digital dental impression.

FIG. 40(a) is an illustration of two independent full arch impressions.

FIG. 40(b) is an illustration of scanning the two independent full arch impressions together.

FIG. 41 is a 3D digital model of the two full arch impressions.

FIG. 42 illustrates an example of a 3D digital model with an occlusion axis and a least squares plane.

FIG. 43 is a 3D digital model illustrating an example of visible triangles on a surface of two full arch impressions.

FIG. 44 illustrates an example of a 3D digital model segment.

FIG. 45 is a 3D digital model of digitally separated full arch impressions.

FIG. 46 is a flow chart of a method of scanning two full arch physical impressions.

FIG. 47 is a flow chart of a method of removing small features from a 3D digital model.

FIG. 48 is an example of a digital dental impression processing system.

FIG. 49(a) and FIG. 49(b) are flow chart examples of methods of digitally processing a digital dental impression.

FIG. 49(c) and FIG. 49(d) are example flow charts methods of automatically determining an occlusion axis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For purposes of this description, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the embodiments of this disclosure are described herein. The disclosed methods, apparatus, and systems should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Instead, the present disclosure is directed toward all novel and nonobvious features and aspects of the various disclosed embodiments, alone and in various combinations and sub-combinations with one another. The methods, apparatus, and systems are not limited to any specific aspect or feature or combination thereof, nor do the disclosed embodiments require that any one or more specific advantages be present or problems be solved.

Although the operations of some of the disclosed embodiments are described in a particular, sequential order for convenient presentation, it should be understood that this manner of description encompasses rearrangement, unless a particular ordering is required by specific language set forth below. For example, operations described sequentially may in some cases be rearranged or performed concurrently. Moreover, for the sake of simplicity, the attached figures may not show the various ways in which the disclosed methods can be used in conjunction with other methods. Additionally, the description sometimes uses terms like “provide” or “achieve” to describe the disclosed methods. The actual operations that correspond to these terms may vary depending on the particular implementation and are readily discernible by one of ordinary skill in the art.

As used in this application and in the claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Additionally, the term “includes” means “comprises.” Further, the terms “coupled” and “associated” generally mean electrically, electromagnetically, and/or physically (e.g., mechanically or chemically) coupled or linked and does not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled or associated items absent specific contrary language.

In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus may be referred to as “lowest,” “best,” “minimum,” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, or otherwise preferable to other selections.

In the following description, certain terms may be used such as “up,” “down,” “upper,” “lower,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “left,” “right,” and the like. These terms are used, where applicable, to provide some clarity of description when dealing with relative relationships. But, these terms are not intended to imply absolute relationships, positions, and/or orientations. For example, with respect to an object, an “upper” surface can become a “lower” surface simply by turning the object over. Nevertheless, it is still the same object.

A digital dental impression can be generated by scanning any type of physical dental impression into a single digital dental impression image using any type of scanner. For example, the physical impression can be scanned with a CT scanner, an optical scanner, etc. to generate the single digital dental impression.

In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method of digitally processing a digital dental impression includes determining one or more first and second digital surface regions visible from directions on a first and second side of the digital dental impression, around an occlusion axis, segmenting the digital dental impression, and digitally splitting the one or more first digital segments from the one or more second digital segments. In some embodiments, one or more sidewall regions and non-anatomical features can be optionally removed.

Digital Dental Impression

As noted above, in a typical work flow, information about the oral situation of a patient is received from a dentist, the dental laboratory designs the dental prosthesis, and the prosthesis is manufactured using a mill or other fabrication system. When making use of CAD design and CAM manufacturing in dentistry, a digital model of the patient's dentition is required as an input to the process. Despite the rise of intraoral scanning technology, the prevalent method of acquisition of digital model data is still scanning a stone model cast from a physical negative impression of the patient's dentition.

A physical negative impression of the patient's dentition is typically obtained by the use of a dental impression tray containing impression material. One example is described in U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. US20180132982A1 to Nikolskiy et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

An example of an impression tray is shown in FIG. 1 in the form of a three-way impression tray or “triple tray” 100. The triple tray 100 includes a generally rigid frame 102 within which a mesh 104 is retained. The rigid frame defines a handle 106 configured to be gripped by the user, a buccal side wall 108, and a lingual side wall 110. In use, impression material is loaded onto the upper and lower surfaces of the mesh 104 by the clinician. The triple tray 100 is then inserted into the mouth of a patient and the patient is instructed to bite down onto the triple tray 100 and impression material, causing the impression material to conform to the patient's dentition as the impression material cures. Because the triple tray 100 is situated between the upper and lower jaws of the patient, the impression obtained via the triple tray 100 includes information about the dental situation of the patient's upper jaw, lower jaw, and bite registration in the area of the patient's dentition covered by the triple tray.

For example, in FIG. 2 , there is shown a sectional view of the triple tray 100 containing impression material 120 after the taking of a physical impression of a patient. An upper impression 122 is formed on the upper side of the mesh 104, and a lower impression 124 is formed on the lower side of the mesh 104. As noted above, after deformation, the impression material 122 defines a physical negative impression of the patient's dentition. Accordingly, the upper void space 126 defined by the upper impression 122 defines the space occupied by the patient's teeth and gingiva in the patient's upper jaw, and the lower void space 128 defined by the lower impression 124 defines the space occupied by the patient's teeth and gingiva in the patient's lower jaw. Moreover, the position and orientation of the upper void space 126 relative to the lower void space 128 defines the bite registration of the patient's dentition in the subject area, including the occlusal spacing and registration.

As noted above, in a conventional workflow, a physical dental impression formed in the manner described above would be used to cast a model of the patient's dentition formed of stone, polymeric, or other suitable material. The cast model would then be scanned using an optical scanner in order to obtain a digital model. The digital model would then be used to design one or more restorations, or for other purposes. This conventional workflow creates potential sources of error or inaccuracy that would be avoided by alternative methods or alternative workflows that avoided the step of forming the cast model and, instead, proceeded directly from the physical impression to a digital model.

In one embodiment of the present method, a computed tomography (CT) scanner uses x-rays to make a detailed image of a physical impression. A plurality of such images are then combined to form a 3D model of the patient's dentition. A schematic diagram of an example of a CT scanning system 140 is shown in FIG. 3 . The CT scanning system 140 includes a source of x-ray radiation 142 that emits an x-ray beam 144. An object being scanned in the present case, a triple tray containing a physical impression 146 is placed between the source 142 and an x-ray detector 148. The x-ray detector 148, in turn, is connected to a processor 150 that is configured to receive the information from the detector 148 and to convert the information into a digital image file. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the processor 150 may comprise one or more computers that may be directly connected to the detector, wirelessly connected, connected via a network, or otherwise in direct or indirect communication with the detector 148.

An example of a suitable scanning system 140 includes a Nikon Model XTH 255 CT (Metrology) Scanner which is commercially available from Nikon Corporation. The example scanning system includes a 225 kV microfocus x-ray source with a 3 μm focal spot size to provide high performance image acquisition and volume processing. The processor 150 may include a storage medium that is configured with instructions to manage the data collected by the scanning system.

As noted above, during operation of the scanning system 140, the impression 146 is located between the x-ray source 142 and the x-ray detector 148. A series of images of the impression 146 are collected by the processor 150 as the impression 146 is rotated in place between the source 142 and the detector 146. An example of a single image 160 is shown in FIG. 4 . The image 160 may be a radiograph, a projection, or other data in the form of a digital image. In one embodiment, a series of 720 images are collected as the impression 146 is rotated in place between the source 142 and the detector 148. In other embodiments, more images or fewer images may be collected as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

The plurality of images 160 of the impression 146 are generated by and stored within a storage medium contained within the processor 150 of the scanning system 140, where they may be used by software contained within the processor to perform additional operations. For example, in an embodiment, the plurality of images 160 undergo tomographic reconstruction in order to generate a 3D virtual image 170 (see FIG. 5 ) from the plurality of 2D images 160 generated by the scanning system 140. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 , the 3D virtual image 170 is in the form of a volumetric image or volumetric density file (shown in cross-section in FIG. 5 ) that is generated from the plurality of radiographs 160 by way of a reconstruction algorithm associated with the scanning system 140.

In one embodiment, the volumetric image 170 is converted into a surface image 180 (see, e.g., FIG. 6 ) using a surface imaging algorithm. In the embodiment shown, the volumetric image 170 is converted into a surface image 180 having a format (e.g., an .STL file format) that is suitable for use with a dental restoration design software, such as the FastDesign™ dental design software provided by Glidewell Laboratories of Newport Beach, Calif.

In one embodiment, the surface imaging algorithm used to convert the volumetric image 170 into a surface image 180 is configured to construct the surface image of the dentition 180 directly from the volumetric image 170 without including an intermediate step of constructing a surface image of the impression. For example, FIGS. 7 and 8A-C do not show images of a dental impression or of a patient's dentition, but are instead presented to illustrate by way of example the direct surface imaging method employed in the illustrated embodiment. In FIG. 7 , a volumetric image 190 of an object having a boundary 192 that is not precisely defined. A small patch of an iso-surface 194 is illustrated within the boundary 192, with the iso-surface 194 representing a collection of points within the volumetric image 190 that have the same volumetric density value. It is a mathematical property that a gradient vector 196 at a given position will always point perpendicular to an iso-surface 194 at position. Accordingly, the gradient vector 196 is used to determine the direction which passes perpendicularly through the object boundary 192. These properties are further illustrated in FIGS. 8A-C, which show the non-precisely defined boundary 192 of the object (FIG. 8A), a plurality of iso-surfaces 194 of the object (FIG. 8B), and a plurality of gradient vectors 196 that are perpendicular to the iso-surfaces at given positions with in the object (FIG. 8C).

In the embodiment shown, as described above, a dental impression is collected using a triple tray 100 dental impression tray, thereby collecting an upper impression 122, a lower impression 124, and a bite registration in a single step. As a result, after scanning, reconstruction, and generation of a volumetric image of the triple tray and impression 146 (see FIG. 3 ), the resulting surface image 200 (see FIG. 8D) includes a surface image of the upper dentition 202, a surface image of the lower dentition 204, and their relative positions and orientation providing information about the bite registration between the upper and lower dentition. These surface images 202, 204 and bite registration information are obtained using a single scan of a single object (the triple tray and impression 146).

One or more methods and systems of digitally processing a digital model from a CT or optical scan of a physical dental impression are described herein. In some embodiments, computer-implemented executable methods of processing a digital dental impression as described herein can, for example, use the digital model generated by surface imaging algorithms applied to a CT or optically scanned dental impression.

In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method of digitally processing a single digital model of a digital dental impression into separate digital representations of one or more jaws is disclosed. FIG. 9 illustrates one example of a physical dental impression 350 bitten from two sides by a patient, thereby creating a physical impression of an upper jaw and a physical impression of a lower jaw. Scanning of the physical dental impression 350 can generate a single digital model or digital dental impression 352 as shown in FIG. 16 . Scanning can include CT scanning (including CBCT scanning), or optical scanning. In some embodiments, the digital model includes interconnected digital surface triangles (also referred to as “triangles”) that together comprise a digital surface mesh.

Digital Surface Generation

In the case of optical scanning as shown in FIG. 10 , an optical scanner 356 can emit light beams 357 to scan and digitize a physical dental impression 358, such as a triple tray dental impression, for example. Data obtained from scanning the surface of the physical dental impression 358 may be in the form of sets of points, or point clouds, triangles, or digital surface meshes. A 3D model may digitally represent a physical dental impression, for example, by using a collection of points in 3D space connected by various geometric entities such as triangles. The scan may be stored locally, or remotely, for example, for use in the methods described herein. The scan may be saved as a 3D scan, as point clouds or digital surface meshes for use in the methods described herein as a digital dental impression.

In the case of CT scanning, the digital surface mesh and digital dental impression can be created/determined using methods described in the application PROCESSING CT SCAN OF DENTAL IMPRESSION, Ser. No. 16/451,315, assigned to the assignee of this application and filed concurrently with this application, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, by Marching Cubes, or by other digital model generation methods and techniques known in the art.

For example, a point cloud can be generated by the computer-implemented method in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the point cloud can be generated and/or adjusted (reduced) by the computer-implemented method automatically. The computer-implemented method receives as input a volumetric density file generated by a CT scanner. The computer-implemented method compares a selected iso-value of density to densities of one or more voxels in a volumetric density file and generates digital surface points at the selected iso-value of density in a point cloud. The iso-value of density can be a selectable value that can be chosen by a user and/or can be automatically determined in some embodiments. In some embodiments, if the selected iso-value of density corresponds to the density of one or more voxels in the volumetric density file, then zero or more digital surface points can be generated and arranged in virtual 3D space at position(s) in the point cloud corresponding to position(s) of one or more voxels in the volumetric density file by the computer-implemented method. In some embodiments, as discussed below, if the selected iso-value of density is between two voxel density values, then zero or more digital surface points can be generated and arranged in virtual 3D space in position(s) corresponding to position(s) between two voxel positions along a voxel edge by the computer-implemented method. The computer-implemented method can optionally adjust the point cloud. The computer-implemented method can generate a digital surface mesh for either the point cloud or the adjusted point cloud.

FIG. 11(a) shows an example of a generated point cloud 7000 viewable on a display in some embodiments. Generated point cloud 7000 includes generated digital surface points such as digital surface point 7002 at every position of the selected iso-value of density in virtual 3D space.

FIG. 11(b) illustrates an example of generating digital surface points at particular positions in virtual 3D pace to generate a point cloud in some embodiments based on voxel positions in the volumetric density file. The figure illustrates a portion of a 3D volumetric density file depicted for simplicity in 2 dimensions. In the example, voxels 1802, 1804, 1806, 1808, 1811, and 1812 from the volumetric density file represent different density values of the CT scanned material in the volumetric density file. For example, voxels 1802 and 1808 indicate materials at their positions have a density of 0. This can, for example, represent air. In the example, voxels 1804 and 1806 indicate the material at their respective positions has a density of 0.5, voxel 1811, indicates material density at its position is 1.0, and voxel 1812 indicates a material density of 0.3 at its position.

In some embodiments of a computer-implemented method, the volumetric density file containing voxels is loaded, and each voxel is evaluated against a selectable iso-value of density. If the selected iso-value of density matches the density value at a voxel, then the computer-implemented method can generate one or more digital surface points and arrange the one or more digital surface points in the point cloud at a position that corresponds to or is in the neighborhood of the position of the voxel in the volumetric density file. In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, if the selected iso-value of density falls between the density value of voxels, then the computer-implemented method can generate one or more digital surface points in the point cloud at position(s) corresponding to position(s) between the voxels along an edge connecting the voxels as further discussed below.

In the example figure, a selected iso-value of density of 0.3, for example, would fall between voxel 1802, which has a density of 0, and voxel 1804, which has a density of 0.5. One or more digital surface points can be generated at a position in the point cloud corresponding to a position 1810 in the volumetric density file between voxel 1802 and voxel 1804 along a voxel edge 1803. One or more digital surface points can also be generated and placed at a position in the point cloud corresponding to a position 1814 in the volumetric density file between voxel 1802 and voxel 1806 along their voxel edge 1805 since the selected iso-value of density (0.3) in the example also falls between the densities at voxels 1802 and 1806. In the example, no digital surface points are generated and placed at a position in the point cloud corresponding to the position in the volumetric density file between voxels 1804 and 1811 because the selected iso-value of density 0.3 does not fall between the values of voxel 1804 (0.5) and 1811 (1.0). One or more digital surface points can also be generated and placed at a position in the point cloud corresponding to a position 1816 in the volumetric density file between voxel 1804 and voxel 1808 along their voxel edge 1813 since the selected iso-value of density (0.3) in the example also falls between the densities at voxels 1804 and 1808. Since voxel 1812 has a density value matching the selected iso-value of density of 0.3, a digital surface point can be generated in the point cloud at the same corresponding position 1820 of the voxel 1812.

In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, digital surface points that are generated for an iso-density value falling between voxels can be proportionately spaced in the point cloud between corresponding positions of voxels for which they are generated. For example, a selected iso-value of density of 0.3 is closer to density 0.5 of voxel 1806 than to density 0 of voxel 1802. The computer-implemented system can, for example, generate a digital surface point at position 1814 in the point cloud since position 1814 is proportionately closer to the corresponding position of voxel 1806 than to the position of voxel 1802 in the volumetric density file. A digital surface point is generated at position 1818 in the point cloud for an iso-density value of 0.3 since position 1818 is proportionally closer to the corresponding position of voxel 1806 with density 0.5 than the position of voxel 1808 with density 0. A digital surface point is generated at position 1810 in the point cloud for a selected iso-density value of 0.3 since position 1810 is proportionally closer to the corresponding position of voxel 1804 with density 0.5 than the position of voxel 1802 with density 0. A digital surface point is generated at position 1816 in the point cloud for a selected iso-density value of 0.3 since position 1816 is proportionally closer to the corresponding position of voxel 1804 with density 0.5 than the position of voxel 1808 with density 0, for example

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can evaluate every voxel in the volumetric density file against the user-selected iso-value of density and generate one or more digital surface points in the point cloud as disclosed herein until no more voxels remain for evaluation in the volumetric density file.

FIG. 11(c) illustrates an example of a 2D depiction 18100 of a 3D generated point cloud 7000 with digital surface points 1830, 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1840 generated at positions in the point cloud corresponding to positions 1810, 1814, 1816, 1818, and 1820, respectively in the volumetric density file 1800 from FIG. 11(b) for an iso-value density of 0.3. As illustrated in the figure, only the digital surface points generated for a selected iso-value from the volumetric data file are included in the point cloud by the computer-implemented method. The computer-implemented method can save the generated digital point cloud 7000 to storage media. The computer-implemented method can in some embodiments, display and provide the generated point cloud 7000 to a user to view and/or manipulate.

In some embodiments the computer-implemented method reduces, the number of digital surface points in the point cloud 7000 from FIG. 11(a) through sampling, such as, for example, by selecting a subset of the digital surface points from the point cloud 7000 to provide a reduced point cloud. Selecting the subset of digital surface points from the point cloud 7000 can reduce the dataset size and complexity and simplify data structures and processing. In some embodiments, selecting the subset of the digital surface points from the point cloud can be performed by the computer-implemented method automatically.

In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, point cloud 7000 can be reduced by selecting a desired level of distance between two or more digital surface points. In some embodiments, of the computer-implemented method, point cloud 7000 can be reduced by setting a minimum distance between digital surface points in the point cloud 7000. For example, during reduction of point cloud 7000, digital surface points can be specified not to be closer than a user-selectable distance. In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, a minimum distance between points can be between 100 microns to 200 microns or less, for example. The minimum distance between points can be a user selectable value. The minimum distance between points can be initially set and then automatically applied during every surface selection thereafter, or can be selected on a per scan basis.

In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, the minimum distance can optionally be specified by a user to be a continuous function of surface curvature as illustrated in FIG. 12(a). In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can load the point cloud and determine curvature by finding all the points in the neighborhood of a radius around each digital surface point, fitting a quadratic surface to the points in the neighborhood, and determining the module of mean curvature of that surface, for example. The computer-implemented method can be repeated for all points in the point cloud in some embodiments, for example.

In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method can alternatively determine curvature by loading a generated point cloud and for each digital surface point, finding all the points in the neighborhood of the radius around the digital surface point. The computer-implemented method can then determine a 3×3 covariance matrix for the coordinates of the points in the neighborhood. Next, the computer-implemented method can find all 3 eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, and finally approximate the curvature from the eigenvalues in some embodiments, e.g. minimal eigenvalue divided by the sum of eigenvalues or a monotone function of that fraction. This computer-implemented embodiment can account for zero mean curvatures for non-planar regions and can therefore be preferable in some embodiments, for example. The computer-implemented method can be repeated for all points in the point cloud in some embodiments, for example.

The radius of either method of determining curvature can be up to and including 60 digital surface points on average in the neighborhood of the digital surface point in the point cloud being evaluated, and can be a user selectable value. A selection of a smaller number of points and smaller radius can lead to faster computations, while selecting a larger number of points and larger radius can provide a more precise curvature estimation. The computer-implemented method can be repeated for all points in the point cloud, for example.

Once surface curvature is determined, the computer-implemented method can determine the minimum distance based on the particular amount of surface curvature. For example, FIG. 12(a) is a graph 17200 depicting a user-selectable relationship between surface curvature and minimum distance between digital surface points as an example. The computer-implemented method can determine the amount of surface curvature and then obtain the minimum distance between digital surface points based on the user selected relationship. In the example shown in FIG. 12(a), a digital surface region having a surface curvature value at 17201 can return a minimum distance of 100 microns between points for the digital surface region, for example. A greater surface curvature value at 17202 can return a minimum distance of 25 microns between points for the digital surface region, for example. In some embodiments, any digital surface points falling within the minimum distance of a digital surface point can be eliminated from the point cloud by the computer-implemented method. The computer-implemented method can be repeated for all points in the point cloud, for example.

In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, minimum distance between points can be defined discretely rather than as a continuous function of surface curvature. For example, the minimum distance between digital surface points can be specified based on a curvature threshold of the digital surface. For example, curved digital surfaces having a surface curvature above a particular user-selectable value can have a user-selectable minimum distance between digital surface points that is lower than that of digital surface regions having a surface curvature below the threshold user-selectable curvature value.

In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, the minimum distance between points can be reduced up to ¼ of the original distance, for example, based on curvature. For example, where the distance between digital surface points may be set to 100 microns, it can be reduced by the user to 25 microns between digital surface points, thereby increasing the number of digital surface points on the curved surface region(s). In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, the minimum distance between digital surface points on a curved digital surface region can be a user selectable value, the distance can be initially set and then automatically applied during surface selection, and/or the minimum distance between digital surface points along one or more curved surface regions may be set independently with respect to other surfaces.

In some embodiments, if the digital surface point does not fall within the sampling/reduction criterion, then the digital surface point is eliminated from the point cloud. For example, if a minimum distance between digital points in the cloud is set and one or more neighboring digital surface point(s) fall within the minimum distance between digital surface points, then the computer-implemented method can eliminate the one or more digital surface points from the point cloud. If, however, one or more neighboring digital surface points fall outside of the minimum distance, then the one or more neighboring digital surface points are retained in the point cloud.

As an example, the computer-implemented method can load a point cloud and for each digital surface point determine one or more neighboring digital surface points within a radius from a generated point cloud. The radius in some embodiments can be up to and including 60 digital surface points in the neighborhood of the digital surface point in the point cloud being evaluated, and can be a user selectable value. An amount of curvature for the first and one or more neighboring digital surface points can be determined by the computer-implemented method as discussed previously. In some embodiments, the amount of surface curvature can be zero, or close to zero, indicating a flatter digital surface. In some embodiments, the amount of curvature can be greater than zero. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine a minimum distance between each digital surface point and the one or more neighboring digital surface points based on the amount of curvature between them. If the minimum distance between digital surface points is specified, then the computer-implemented method can determine whether the neighboring digital surface point(s) fall(s) within the specified minimum distance between digital surface points. If any of the one or more neighboring digital surface point falls within the minimum distance specified, then those neighboring digital surface points can be eliminated from the point cloud by the computer-implemented method. If the neighboring digital surface point falls outside of the minimum distance specified for surface curvature or no minimum distance is specified, then the one or more neighboring digital surface point(s) is/are retained in the point cloud.

In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, if the first and neighboring digital surface point are on a curved digital surface based on a threshold curvature value, then the computer-implemented method can determine whether a minimum distance between digital surface points is specified. If the minimum distance between digital surface points is specified, then the computer-implemented method can determine whether the neighboring digital surface point falls within the specified minimum distance between digital surface points. If the neighboring digital surface point falls within the minimum distance specified, then the computer-implemented method can eliminate it from the point cloud. If the neighboring digital surface point falls outside of the minimum distance or the minimum distance is not specified for curved surfaces, then the computer-implemented method can retain it in the point cloud. If the computer-implemented method determines that the first and neighboring digital surface points are not on a surface curvature, then the computer-implemented method can determine whether the minimum distance between digital surface points for non-curved surfaces (i.e. flatter surfaces or surfaces whose curvature is below the threshold value for curvature) is specified. If the minimum distance between digital surface points is specified, then the computer-implemented method compares whether the neighboring digital surface point falls within the minimum distance between digital surface points for flatter surfaces. If the neighboring digital surface point falls within the minimum distance, then the computer-implemented method eliminates it from the point cloud. If the neighboring digital surface point falls outside of the minimum distance or a minimum distance between digital surface points for flatter surfaces is not specified, then the computer-implemented method retains the neighboring digital surface point in the point cloud.

FIG. 12(b) illustrates a post-sampling reduced point cloud 8000 of point cloud 7000 having fewer digital surface points than the point cloud 7000 from FIG. 11(a). As shown in the example of FIG. 12(b), digital surface points 8002 and 8004 are spaced further apart than digital surface points 7004 and 7006 from FIG. 11(a), and intermediate digital surface points are not present in the post-sampling reduced point cloud 8000 of FIG. 12(b). Also illustrated in the example of reduced point cloud 8000 are digital surface points 8006 and 8008 located on a curved surface. As discussed previously, this arrangement of digital surface points and the number of digital surface points on the curved surface in the reduced point cloud 8000 may result from either setting a minimum distance between digital surface points and/or setting a different minimum distance between digital surface points on curved surfaces versus non-curved or reduced-curvature/flatter surfaces in some embodiments of the computer-implemented method.

One advantage of sampling the point cloud prior to generating the digital surface mesh can be to increase speed and reduce the data set and data structure complexity of any subsequent triangulation step by reducing the number of digital surface points to be triangulated, for example. This can, for example, increase processing speed and reduce the amount of storage necessary to process CT scans. This can increase the accuracy and efficiency of generating the digital surface mesh, as described below, for example.

In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, triangulation can be performed on the reduced point cloud 8000 to create digital surface mesh 9000 shown in FIG. 15 , for example. This triangulation can in some embodiments of the computer-implemented method utilize Delaunay triangulation known in the art to create digital surface mesh 9000. The digital surface mesh 9000, however generated, is an interconnected network of triangles defining part or all of a surface of the physical dental impression 2000. In some embodiments, triangulation can be performed by the computer-implemented method automatically.

In some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, as illustrated in FIG. 13 , triangulation can include finding a neighborhood of digital surface points in three dimensions for each digital surface point in the reduced point cloud 8000 at 14002. In some embodiments, the neighborhood of digital surface points can be a user selectable radius up to and including 20 points. As an example, a plane approximating the neighborhood is found at 14004 by the computer-implemented method. The digital surface point in the reduced point cloud 8000 is then projected onto the plane at 14006 to determine the ordering of neighboring points by the computer-implemented method. Three dimensional triangulation is performed and a triangle is generated at 14008 by the computer-implemented method. If the neighborhood agrees the triangle should be kept, then it is retained at 14010 by the computer-implemented method. Otherwise, the triangle is discarded at 14012 by the computer-implemented method. Triangulation of the reduced point cloud 8000 can produce a digital surface mesh with non-degenerate triangles. In some embodiments, each triangle can be close to an equilateral triangle, thereby generating a more accurate digital surface mesh. The computer-implemented method can be repeated for each point in the point cloud.

FIG. 14 illustrates one example of triangulation in some embodiments of the computer-implemented method. Reduced point cloud 500 includes digital surface points 502, 506, 508, 510, and 516, for example, among other digital surface points. During triangulation in some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, a digital surface point is chosen and connected with its neighbors to create triangles that form a digital surface mesh. For example, digital surface point 506 is chosen and connected with its neighboring digital surface points 502 and 508 to form triangle 504. Digital surface point 506 is also connected with neighborhood digital surface points 508 and 510 to create triangle 512. Other triangles are similarly created by connecting other neighborhood digital surface points to digital surface point 506 as shown in FIG. 14 . Once triangles are generated for one digital surface point, a new digital surface point is chosen, and triangles connecting the new digital surface point to its surrounding digital surface points are generated in some embodiments of the computer-implemented method. In the example shown in FIG. 14 , new neighboring digital surface point 508 is chosen, for example, and connected to digital surface points 506 and 510 to create triangle 512. New digital surface point 508 is also, for example, connected to digital surface points 506 and 502 to create triangle 504. These triangles 504 and 512 created with chosen digital surface point 508 overlap with the triangles created when digital surface point 506 was the chosen digital surface point. Since the chosen digital surface points 506 and 508 agree on these triangles, the triangles are retained. Chosen digital surface point 508 also connects with its neighborhood digital surface points 506 and 516 to create triangle 518. Since triangle 518 was not generated when 506 was the chosen digital surface point, chosen digital surface points 506 and 508 do not agree on this triangle. The triangle can, in some embodiments of the computer-implemented method, be dropped and no digital surface mesh is created with triangle 518. The computer-implemented method can be repeated for each point in the point cloud.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a reduced point cloud that has been triangulated to create a digital surface mesh 9000. Triangulation of the reduced point cloud as described in this disclosure can generate a digital surface mesh 9000 of non-degenerate triangles 9002 in some embodiments of the computer-implemented method. Each of the triangles—such as triangle 9002—are close to equilateral.

Another example of creating a digital surface mesh is a conventional technique called marching cubes. An example of marching cubes is described in SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE DISPLAY OF SURFACE STRUCTURES CONTAINED WITHIN THE INTERIOR REGION OF A SOLID BODY, U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,876 assigned to General Electric Co., the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In one embodiment, the computer-implemented-method can implement conventional marching cubes by evaluating eight neighboring voxels of a given voxel to determine which voxels will contain a surface. Each given voxel can include an 8 bit integer representing each of the voxel's neighboring voxels. For the given voxel, the computer-implemented-method can compare each neighboring voxel value to the selected iso-value to determine whether the voxel falls within the cube defined by the neighboring voxels. If the computer-implemented method determines that the neighboring voxel value is greater than the selected iso-value, then the bit in an 8 bit integer corresponding to that neighboring voxel is set to one by the computer-implemented method. If the computer-implemented method determines that the neighboring voxel is less than the selected iso-value, then the corresponding bit is set to zero by the computer-implemented method. The resulting 8 bit integer after evaluation of all neighborhood voxels can be used as an index to select one or more predetermined polygon surfaces by the computer-implemented method as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 , FIGS. 3A through 3N, FIGS. 4A through 4N, FIGS. 4A′ through 4N′, FIG. 4B″, and Tables 1 and 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,876, for example. Vertices of the polygon surfaces can be located along its respective edge based on linearly interpolating the voxels connected by the edge. A normal of each vertex can be interpolated by the computer-implemented method based on the gradient of the voxel. Other variants of marching cubes may also be utilized.

FIG. 16 shows a single digital dental impression 352 with both first and second jaws. Upon processing, the single digital dental impression 352 can be digitally split into a digital model of a first side such as first jaw 452 for example and optionally a digital model of a second side such as second jaw 454 for example as shown in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 , respectively. In some embodiments, the digital splitting occurs automatically, without user intervention. In some embodiments, the digital splitting can be performed by a user selecting a user interface element to initiate the digital splitting.

Direction Determination

Some features as indicated in the present disclosure may require directions to be determined in the digital model. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method receives a digital model and determines one or more directions in the digital model. Some embodiments include generating one or more rays along the one or more directions in the digital model. In some embodiments, direction determination and/or ray generation can be performed by the computer-implemented method automatically. The computer-implemented method can determine the directions using any method. For example, several methods are described in the article “Four Ways to Create a Mesh for a Sphere” by Oscar Sebio Cajaraville, dated Dec. 7, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The method described herein is an example for illustrative purposes.

In one embodiment, the computer-implemented method can receive a digital model determine directions as illustrated in FIG. 19(a). FIG. 19(b) illustrates directions 600. In some embodiments, a user-selectable angle 602 between the directions 600 can be 5 degrees, for example. However, a greater or smaller angle between directions can be used, and can be adjusted by the user.

FIG. 19(a) illustrates an example in some embodiments of determining one or more directions. For example, direction 603 forms angle 604 with axis 605 and angle 606 with axis 607. The computer-implemented method can increment the angles 604 and 606 to determine directions in 360 degrees in the digital model. For example, the angle 604 can be incremented in some embodiments from 0 to 180 by 10 degrees and the angle 606 can be incremented from 0 to 360 by degree increments. In some embodiments, the angles 604 and 606 can be incremented by any amount. The figure illustrates coordinate axes 607, 609, and 605, which can correspond, for example, to the x-y-z axes, respectively. Also illustrated in the figure is an example direction 603 formed by an angle a 604 with respect to the z-axis 605 and an angle b 606 between the x-axis 607 and the projection on to the x-y plane. In one embodiment, the computer-implemented method can determine directions based on the angle a 604 and angle b 606 as follows:

StepA=pi/(NA) StepB=2*pi/(NB) for i=0, i < NA; i++  {a=i*StepA   for k=0; k< NB; k++    {     b=k*StepB;     x = sin(a)cos(b);     y = sin(a)sin(b);     z = cos(a)    }  }

-   -   where NA and NB are user-selectable values, and NA is the number         of steps of A and NB is the number of steps of B. In some         embodiments NA and NB can be a user selectable value. In some         embodiments, NA and NB can be between 20 to 100. The x, y, z         coordinates can represent a position 611 in space through which         one or more directions originate from the origin 613.

FIG. 19(c) illustrates an example of determining directions in the digital model as described herein. A unit sphere 702 includes axes 704, 705, and 707 and origin 722. Based on the user-selectable values of NA and NB, the computer-implemented method can determine several directions in the digital model. In some embodiments, the value of NB can determine the number of coordinate points through which directions are generated from the origin in a circle. In some embodiments, the value of NA can determine the number of circles. For example, the computer-implemented method can initially determine coordinate point 730 and generate a direction 732 from origin 722 through the coordinate point 730. The computer-implemented method can generate additional coordinate points in a circle 708 and determine directions through each coordinate point from the origin 722. In some embodiments, the number of coordinate points can be determined by the user-selectable value of NB. The computer-implemented method can next determine coordinate points in a circle 706 and determine directions through the coordinate points. For example, the computer-implemented method can determine direction 712 from the origin 722 through the coordinate 710 and direction 720 through coordinate point 718. The computer-implemented method can determine direction 716 through the next coordinate point 714. The computer-implemented method can determine directions through coordinate points on circle 706. An angle between the directions 712 and 720 can define the aperture (also referred to herein as the “cone aperture”). FIG. 19(c) shows coordinate points, directions, circles, and apertures for illustrative purposes only; more or fewer coordinate points, directions, circles, and apertures are contemplated. The computer-implemented method can provide the directions and/or rays generated to determine different features of the digital model as described below.

Surface Visibility

Some features as indicated in the present disclosure may require determining surface visibility of surface regions in the digital model. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine visibility of surface regions in a digital model. Surface visibility can be determined using any technique including but not limited to z-buffering. In some embodiments, surface visibility can be determined by the computer-implemented method automatically. One method is described herein as an example.

As illustrated in FIG. 20 , for example, the computer-implemented method can receive a digital model and project a digital surface triangle 874 of the digital model onto a pixel grid 886 that is perpendicular to a direction 872 to generate a projected triangle 878. The computer-implemented method determines pixels 880 bounded by projected triangle 878 as belonging to the triangle 874, along with its distance from the grid (z-depth) 882 along direction 872. The computer-implemented method can determine the triangle 874 is visible from direction 872. The computer-implemented method can repeat this process for every triangle of the digital model to determine visible surface triangles.

If another triangle along the direction 872 has a shorter z-depth, then the computer-implemented method projects that triangle on to the pixel grid 886 instead. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 20 , triangle 884 is along the direction 872. However, triangle 874 is also along the direction 872 and has shorter z-depth 882. The computer-implemented method projects triangle 874 onto the pixel grid 886 instead of triangle 884. The computer-implemented method also stores the z-depth value of the triangle 874 along with the pixels 880.

Curvature Determination

Some features as indicated in the present disclosure may require curvature determination of digital surface regions in the digital model. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can receive a digital model and determine curvatures of digital surface regions. The computer-implemented method can determine curvature of digital surface regions using any technique. In some embodiments, curvature determination can be performed by the computer-implemented method automatically.

In some embodiments, the digital surface regions include triangles. The curvature of a triangle can be determined by taking an average of the curvature of the triangle's edges, or an average of the curvature of the triangle's vertices.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine the curvature of the triangle by taking an average of the curvature of its edges. FIG. 21 illustrates one example of determining curvature at an edge 986 connecting two triangles 988 and 990. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine the curvature at edge 986 based on a dihedral angle 992 formed at the edge 986 between a particular triangle 990 and its adjacent neighborhood triangle 988 in the digital surface mesh as illustrated. The dihedral angle 992 can be determined by the computer-implemented method as an angle formed between the two adjacent triangles 988 and 990 in a third plane 994 that is perpendicular to the edge 986 formed by the two adjacent triangles 990 and 988. For example, in some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can take the sin (φ), where φ is a dihedral angle 992 between two adjacent triangles 990 and 988. The computer-implemented method can repeat this curvature function at all triangle edges.

Alternatively, in some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine the curvature of the triangle by taking an average of the curvature of the triangle's vertices. For example, in some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine curvature at each vertex P by selecting a neighborhood of vertices (size N) around P, optionally using connection information to decrease the search space. The computer implemented method can fit a quadric patch F(x,y,z)=0 onto the neighborhood of points. The computer implemented method can determine a projection P₀ of P onto the patch, such that F(P₀)=0. The computer-implemented method can determine the curvature properties of F at P₀ and assign the curvature properties to P.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can, for example, use quadric form ax²+by²+cz²+2exy+2fyz+2gzx+2lx+2my+2nz+d=0 since each datum (x,y,z) will not lie perfectly on the surface of F. The computer-implemented method can determine the coefficients of the patch surface (a, b, c, e, f, g, l, m, n, d), from a 10×10 real symmetric eigenproblem of the form A=D^(T)D, where D_(i) is the N×10 design matrix, each row of which is built up by [x_(i) ² y_(i) ² z_(i) ² x_(i)y_(i) y_(i)z_(i) x_(i)z_(i) x_(i) y_(i) z_(i) 1], where i=1, . . . , N. The matrix can have 10 real eigenvalues and 10 corresponding eigenvectors. The coefficients of the eigenvector corresponding to the smallest eigenvalue λ₁ are the coefficients a, b, c, e, f, g, l, m, n, d of the quadric surface that best approximates the point cloud locally around P. The computer-implemented method uses a, b, c, e, g, l, m, n to determine values E, F, G, L, M, N by letting F(x,y,z)=ax²+by²+cz²+exy+fyz+gxz+lx+my+nz+d=0, an implicit quadric surface in R³, so that first order partial derivatives are Fx=2ax+ey+gz+l, F_(y)=2by+ex+fz+m, and F_(z)=2cz+fy+gx+n. The coefficients E, F, G are determined as E=1+F_(x) ²/F_(z) ², F=F_(x)F_(y)/F_(z) ², and G=1+F_(y) ²/F_(z) ². Since second order partial derivatives are F_(xx)=2a, F_(yy)=2b, F_(zz)=2c, F_(xy)—F_(yx)=e, F_(yz)—F_(zy)=f, and F_(xz)=F_(zx)=g and the magnitude of the gradient is |∇F|=√{square root over (F_(x) ²+F_(y) ²+F_(z) ²)}, then coefficients L, M, N of the Second Fundamental Form are:

${L = {\frac{1}{F_{z}^{2}{❘{\nabla F}❘}}{❘\begin{matrix} F_{xx} & F_{xz} & F_{y} \\ F_{zx} & F_{zz} & F_{z} \\ F_{x} & F_{z} & 0 \end{matrix}❘}}},{M = {\frac{1}{F_{z}^{2}{❘{\nabla F}❘}}{❘\begin{matrix} F_{xy} & F_{yz} & F_{y} \\ F_{zx} & F_{zz} & F_{z} \\ F_{x} & F_{z} & 0 \end{matrix}❘}}},$ $N = {\frac{1}{F_{z}^{2}{❘{\nabla F}❘}}{❘\begin{matrix} F_{yy} & F_{yz} & F_{y} \\ F_{zy} & F_{zz} & F_{z} \\ F_{y} & F_{z} & 0 \end{matrix}❘}}$

The computer-implemented method then determines matrices A and B from E, F, G, L, M, N as:

$A = {{\begin{bmatrix} L & M \\ M & N \end{bmatrix}{and}B} = \begin{bmatrix} E & F \\ F & G \end{bmatrix}}$

-   -   and determines principle curvatures k₁ and k₂ as the eigenvalues         of the matrix B⁻¹*A.

The computer-implemented method can apply a selected scalar function to the principal curvatures k₁ and k₂ to determine the selected curvature function (“SCF”). For example, for principle curvatures k₁ and k₂, the computer-implemented method can determine Gaussian curvature (K) as K=k₁ k₂ or mean curvature (H) as H=1/2(k₁+k₂).

The radius of either method of determining curvature can be up to and including 60 digital vertices on average in the neighborhood of the vertex being evaluated, and can be a user selectable value. A selection of a smaller number of points and smaller radius can lead to faster computations, while selecting a larger number of points and larger radius can provide a more precise curvature estimation. The computer-implemented method can be repeated for all vertices of the digital surface mesh, for example.

Occlusion Axis

Some embodiments include determination of an occlusion axis of the digital dental impression. For example, digitally splitting the single digital dental impression can include determining an occlusion axis. The occlusion axis is orthogonal to a biting surface, and is the direction from each jaw to the other. In some embodiments, the occlusion axis is provided in the digital model. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can receive the single digital dental impression and automatically determine the occlusion axis of an arbitrarily oriented digital dental impression that includes bite information.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can automatically determine the occlusion axis by first calculating a least squares plane on the entire digital surface and then determining a normal orthogonal to least squares plane as the occlusion axis. In some embodiments, the least squares plane can be determined by the computer-implemented method by first determining a set of points such as either all vertices or centers of all faces of the digital surface mesh, for example. The computer-implemented method can assign a “weight” (or “mass”) to each point. For example, the computer implemented method can set the weight of every vertex of the digital surface mesh equal to 1. Alternatively, the computer-implemented method can set the weight of the center of every face in the digital surface mesh with the weight equal to the face area. Alternatively, the computer-implemented method can set the weight of the set of points to other values. Next, the computer-implemented method can find a center of mass of the set of points. Next, the computer-implemented-system can determine a covariance matrix 3×3 relative to the center of mass and find 3 pairs of eigenvector and eigenvalue of the matrix.

The computer-implemented method can determine the least squares plane as the plane passing through center of mass with the normal equal to the eigenvector corresponding to the smallest eigenvalue. The computer-implemented method can determine a least squares line as the line passing through the center of mass with the direction vector equal to the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can generate one or more rays along one or more directions as described in the Direction Determination section of the present disclosure in the digital model to determine digital dental impression material thickness in the digital model and determine the occlusion axis based on the thickness. FIG. 22 illustrates a digital dental impression 1000 of a triple tray impression with first and second sides 1004 and 1006 and an occlusion axis 1002 to be found from the digital dental impression 1000 of the sides 1004 and 1006. As illustrated in FIG. 22 , the occlusion axis 1002 is in a direction from a first side 1004 of the digital dental impression 1000 such as first jaw for example to a second side 1006 of the digital dental impression 1000 such as a second jaw for example, and is orthogonal to first and second biting surfaces 1010 and 1012.

Although digital dental impression 1000 is shown in FIG. 22 at a particular orientation for illustrative purposes, the digital dental impression 1000 may be arbitrarily oriented in any direction and at any angle in three dimensions. Additionally, first and second sides 1004 and 1006 may correspond to either the upper or lower jaw; the orientation of digital dental impression 1000 as illustrated in FIG. 22 is not intended to restrict first side 1004 to an upper or lower jaw, nor restrict second side 1006 to an upper or lower jaw. Likewise, the orientation of digital dental impression 1000 as illustrated in FIG. 22 is not intended to imply or restrict first biting surface 1010 to an upper or lower biting surface, nor restrict biting surface 1012 to an upper or lower biting surface.

The computer-implemented method can automatically detect occlusion axis 1002 of the arbitrarily oriented digital dental impression 1000 based on features in the digital dental impression 1000. For example, in some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can automatically determine the occlusion axis of a digital triple tray impression by determining a plurality of candidate directions to determine a first and last intersection point between the digital dental impression and one or more rays along a chosen direction. A metric between the first and last intersection point is calculated for a plurality of directions and a criteria for the occlusion axis is determined and can be user-selectable. The criteria can be applied to the metric to one or more candidate directions. The metric can be, for example, a thickness or length of digital dental impression material in some embodiments.

FIG. 23(a) and FIG. 23(b) show examples of cross section representations 1100 and 1120, respectively, of the digital dental impression 1000 with first and second digital biting surface regions 1102 and 1104. As illustrated in the example shown in FIG. 23(a), the computer-implemented method can generate one or more rays along multiple candidate directions 1150 and 1155 as described in the Direction Determination section and other portions of the present disclosure, and determine first and last intersection points 1108 and 1110 between the digital dental impression cross section 1100 and a ray 1106 along a chosen direction 1150. Although candidate directions 1150 and 1155 are shown for illustrative purposes in the figure, many other candidate directions are possible. In the example of FIG. 23(a), ray 1106 intersects with digital dental impression cross section 1100 at the first biting surface region 1102 at intersection point 1108 and intersects the second biting surface region 1104 at intersection point 1110, thereby establishing a thickness of digital dental impression material 1109. The thickness of digital dental impression material 1109 can be the distance or length between first intersection point 1108 and last intersection point 1110, or thickness of digital dental impression material along a direction. Also shown are rays 1105 and 1107, also along a chosen direction 1150. Although ray 1105 is shown to only intersect with the second biting surface region 1104, it also intersects with the first biting surface region 1102 (not shown) and has a thickness of digital dental impression material along the direction. Similarly, although ray 1107 is shown to intersect with only the first biting surface region 1102, it also intersects with second biting portion 1104 (not shown) and has a thickness of digital dental impression material along the direction 1111.

FIG. 23(b) illustrates an example of the computer-implemented method with generated multiple candidate directions 1150 and 1155 and rays 1117, 1118 and 1119 along a chosen direction 1155 rather than direction 1150. As shown in FIG. 23(b), ray 1117 along the chosen direction 1155 has first and last intersection points 1121 and 1123, respectively, thereby establishing a thickness of digital dental impression material 1122. Ray 1118 along the chosen direction 1155 has first and last intersection points 1124 and 1125, respectively, thereby establishing a thickness of digital dental impression material 1126. Ray 1119 has first and last intersection points 1128 and 1132, respectively, thereby establishing a thickness of digital dental impression material 1130. The thicknesses of digital dental impression material 1122, 1126, and 1130 can be the distance or length between their respective first and last intersection points.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines one or more metrics between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions and selects a criteria for the occlusion axis. In some embodiments, the metric can be the thickness of digital dental impression material along directions in a chosen direction. As discussed previously, the thickness of digital dental impression material can be the distance or length between corresponding first and last intersection points of the ray with the digital dental impression 1000. The metric can be, for example, the thicknesses of digital dental impression material 1113, 1109, and 1111 for corresponding rays 1105, 1106, and 1107, respectively, as shown in FIG. 23(a). The metric can be, for example the thicknesses of digital dental impression material 1122, 1126, and 1130 of corresponding rays 1117, 1118, and 1119 in the example illustrated in FIG. 23(b). In some embodiments, the metric can be, for example, the average of thicknesses of digital dental impression material in a chosen direction. For example, the metric can be the average of thicknesses of digital dental impression material 1113, 1109, and 1111 for corresponding rays 1105, 1106, and 1107, respectively, as shown in FIG. 23(a) and the metric can be, for example the average of thicknesses of digital dental impression material 1122, 1126, and 1130 of corresponding rays 1117, 1118, and 1119 in the example illustrated in FIG. 23 (b).

Some embodiments include the computer-implemented method selecting a criteria indicating the occlusion axis and applying the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions. For example, selecting the criteria can include selecting a minimum of the average thicknesses of digital dental impression material along a direction among the candidate directions 1150 and 1155. For example, a first average of the thicknesses of digital dental impression material 1109, 1111, 1113 for rays along chosen direction 1150 from FIG. 23(a) and a second average of the thicknesses of digital dental impression material 1122, 1126, 1130 for rays along chosen direction 1155 from FIG. 23(b) can be calculated by the computer-implemented method. Applying the selecting criteria, a minimum of the first and second averages is selected by the computer-implemented method, which in this example is the second average. Since the second average corresponds to chosen direction 1155, criteria indicating the occlusion axis in this would be along the chosen direction 1155 in this example. The occlusion direction and/or occlusion axis can, in some embodiments, also be referred to as the direction facing the opposing jaw.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can utilize graphics hardware to generate two renderings for each of the plurality of candidate directions. For example, the computer-implemented method can generate a first rendering in a chosen direction and a second rendering generated in a direction opposite the chosen direction. A thickness of digital dental impression material at each pixel can be obtained by the computer-implemented method as a difference between z-depth values of the first and second rendering. In some embodiments, chosen direction having the least thickness of digital dental impression material or z-depth difference is the occlusion direction/axes or direction facing the opposing jaw. In some embodiments, the z-depth difference can be determined by the computer-implemented method from every side of the digital dental impression. In some embodiments, the graphics card can be a video card.

FIG. 24(a) illustrates calculating thickness of digital dental impression material using pixels' z-depths plots in some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 24(a), z-axis 1246 plots a depth of 1256 for pixel 1260 of image 1240 rendered in chosen direction 1242, for example. Z-axis 1246 plots a depth of 1252 for pixel 1258 having the same x-y coordinates as pixel 1260 when image 1240 is rendered in a direction opposite the chosen direction 1242, for example. The difference between z-depth values 1252 and 1256 of the pixel 1260 rendered in the chosen direction 1242 and pixel 1258 rendered the direction opposite the chosen direction 1242 establishes the object thickness of digital dental impression material 1254. The chosen direction having the minimal thickness of digital dental impression material between pixels rendered in opposite directions is, for example, the occlusion direction, or the direction facing the other jaw.

FIG. 24(b) illustrates different thicknesses of digital dental impression material of regions based on first and second renderings. Regions 1202, 1204, 1206, 1208, and 1212 illustrate the most narrow parts. Regions 1214, 1216, 1218, and 1220 illustrate thicker parts, for example with a thickness of digital dental impression material more than 10 mm in some embodiments. Regions 1222 and 1224 illustrate areas where a direction does not find two intersections with impression having surface normal looking inside. One advantage of generating two renderings and using z-depth in some embodiments can be increased speed, for example.

In some embodiments, one or more walls 1306 of the digital dental impression can dominate in thickness of digital dental impression material and can affect averaging. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 25 , the thickness of digital dental impression material for ray 1308 is less than the thickness of digital dental impression material for ray 1309, which has a bigger thickness of digital dental impression material due to the walls of the digital dental impression. This can lead to the incorrect occlusion direction/axis 1302.

Some embodiments of the computer-implemented method can determine an approximate location of teeth in anterior and quadrant triple tray impressions by determining a cylinder along a least-squares line fit to the digital surface of the digital model and computing a thickness of digital dental impression material along each of a plurality of directions only inside the cylinder. For example, FIG. 26 illustrates a dental impression 1400. In some embodiments, dental impression 1400 is an anterior triple tray impression. In some embodiments, dental impression 1400 is a quadrant triple tray impression. The computer-implemented method can apply a best line fit (least squares fit) 1404 as described in the present disclosure for the axis of the cylinder based on the entire digital surface of the digital model. In some embodiments, the method of least-squares can include, for example, calculating a least-squares line for all points or coordinates for the digital surface of the digital model as described herein or using any technique. The best line fit is also known as the least squares fit.

The best line fit 1404 can thus be established by the computer-implemented method for the points or coordinates that are part of the digital surface of the digital model. As illustrated in the figure, cylinder 1402 can be arranged with a radius to include teeth and exclude walls 1407 and 1409. Cylinder 1402 can be arranged to extend along a best line fit 1404 to a surface 1406 such that its radius is orthogonal to the best line fit 1404. In some embodiments, thickness of digital dental impression material is computed by the computer-implemented method only for triangles visible within the cylinder. In some embodiments, the radius is set to a parametric value. In some embodiments, the radius can be between 2 millimeters and 50 millimeters, for example. Other ranges may be possible. For illustrative purposes, only some rays 1408 and 1411 are shown in the figure. In some embodiments, for anterior and quadrant cases, it can be enough for the computer-implemented method to search the occlusion direction/axis 1302 only among directions orthogonal to the direction of the best line fit 1404 and within the cylinder. One advantage of using the cylinder 1402 to determine the occlusion direction can be increased speed in some embodiments, for example. Since the dataset can be reduced to only data the within the cylinder, faster processing times are possible in some embodiments. Another advantage of using the cylinder to determine the occlusion axis 1302 can be greater accuracy in some embodiments, for example. Since the walls are eliminated by limiting the dataset to only considering data within the cylinder, error-causing wall thicknesses of digital dental impression material can be reduced or eliminated from the thickness of digital dental impression material determination in some embodiments.

FIG. 27 illustrates a computer-implemented method related to automatic detection of an occlusion axis in a digital dental impression in some embodiments. In FIG. 27 , a plurality of candidate directions is determined at 1502. A first and last intersection point between the digital dental impression and one or more rays along a chosen direction is determined at 1504. A metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions is calculated at 1506. A criteria indicating the occlusion axis is selected 1508. The criteria is applied to the metric to one or more candidate directions at 1510.

Some embodiments include receiving a scanned digital dental impression in step 1512. The image can be CT scanned or optically scanned. Some embodiments include scanning a physical impression in a scanner to generate a digital dental impression in step 1514. The physical impression can be CT scanned or optically scanned. The digital dental impression can be a surface image in step 1515.

In some embodiments, the metric can be a thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points in step 1516. The criteria can be a minimum thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points 1518. Some embodiments of the computer-implemented method include generating a first rendering in a first direction, generating a second rendering in a second direction opposite the first direction and calculating the metric at each pixel as a difference between depth values of the first and second renderings in step 1509. Some embodiments of the computer-implemented method can include determining an approximate location of teeth in anterior and quadrant triple tray impressions by calculating a cylinder along a best least-squares line fit to the digital surface of the digital model and computing a thickness of digital dental impression material along each of a plurality of directions only inside the cylinder in steps 1520 and 1521. Some embodiments of the computer-implemented method can include finding a least-squares best line fit to the digital surface of the digital model and searching for the occlusion axis only along a direction orthogonal to the line in steps 1522 and 1523.

FIG. 28 illustrates one or more optional automatic occlusion axis detection features 1530 in some embodiments. The features 1530 can be implemented in a digital dental impression processing system, for example. The features 1530 can include receiving a digital dental impression 1532. The digital dental impression 1532 can include a surface image. The features 1530 can include determining candidate directions 1534 in the digital dental impression 1532. The features 1530 can include determining a first and last intersection point 1536 between the digital dental impression 1532 and along a chosen direction, calculate a metric 1538 between the first and last intersection point for several directions, select a criteria 1540 indicating the occlusion axis, and apply the criteria 1540 to the metric 1538 to one or more candidate directions 1534. The metric can be a thickness of digital dental impression material or distance between the first and last intersection points 1536. The criteria 1540 can include a minimum value of the metric 1538. The criteria can be a pixel depth between two renderings from opposite directions. The renderings can be done on a video card. The video card can be internal. Applying the criteria 1540 to the metric 1538 in one or candidate directions 1534 can include finding a least-squares best line fit to the digital surface of the digital model and searching for the occlusion axis only along a direction orthogonal the line. In some embodiments, the features 1530 can include determining an approximate location of teeth in anterior and quadrant triple tray impressions by calculating a cylinder along a best least-squares line fit to the digital surface of the digital model and computing a thickness of digital dental impression material along each of several directions only inside the cylinder (See FIG. 26 ). In some embodiments, the features 1530 can include an optional CT scanner 1542 arranged to generate a digital dental impression 1532 of a physical impression 1544 as illustrated in FIG. 28 .

In some embodiments, a system of automatic detection of an occlusion axis in a digital dental impression is disclosed. The system includes a processor, a computer-readable storage medium including instructions executable by the processor to perform steps including: determining a plurality of candidate directions, determining a first and last intersection point between the digital dental impression and along a chosen direction, calculating a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions, selecting a criteria indicating the occlusion axis and applying the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions.

In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable computer program instructions for automatic detection of a direction facing an opposing jaw in a digital dental impression is disclosed. The computer program instructions can include instructions for: determining a plurality of candidate directions, determining a first and last intersection point between the digital dental impression and along a chosen direction, calculating a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions, selecting a criteria indicating the occlusion axis, and applying the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions.

Sidewall Regions

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can optionally delete digital surface mesh regions belonging to sidewalls of the digital dental impression such as quadrant impressions, for example. In some embodiments, deletion of the digital surface mesh regions belonging to the sidewalls can be performed by the computer-implemented method automatically. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines a sidewall axis and determines visible sidewall regions as described in the Surface Visibility and other sections of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines a sidewall axis 2013 by determining an impression axis 2009 longitudinally extending along a digital surface impression as seen in FIG. 29 . The impression axis 2009 in some embodiments be determined by calculating a least squares line for the entire digital surface. In some embodiments, the least-squares line for the entire digital surface can be determined by the computer-implemented method as discussed in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine the occlusion axis 2011 either as part of the digital model or by being automatically detected as described in the Occlusion Axis section and other parts of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the impression axis 2009 can be perpendicular to the occlusion axis 2011.

The computer-implemented method can determine the sidewall axis 2013 as an axis that is perpendicular or close to perpendicular within a few degrees to both the occlusion axis 2011 and the impression axis 2009. As shown in the example of FIG. 29 , the digital triple tray impression 2002 with occlusion axis 2011 can include sidewall regions (also referred to as in-between region(s)/area) 2006 joining first side and second side digital surfaces and bearing no anatomical information. The first and second side digital surfaces can be first and second jaws, for example. For simplicity, only one sidewall region is shown in FIG. 29 . The sidewall regions 2006 extend generally longitudinally in direction of the impression axis 2009 shown in FIG. 29 along the each sidewall of the digital triple tray impression 2002. Since the sidewall regions 2006 bear no anatomical information, they can be removed in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the computer implemented method can determine sidewall regions 2006 by determining the sidewall axis 2013, for example, passing through the sidewall regions 2006 as discussed in the present disclosure. The computer-implemented method can generate directions as described in the Direction Determination section and other sections of the present disclosure, and determine visibility of sidewall regions as described in the Surface Visibility section and other sections of the present disclosure section.

As illustrated in FIG. 29 , to remove sidewall regions 2006 in some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine visibility of sidewall regions along multiple sidewall directions 2003 and 2008 around a first 2006 and second 2010 sidewall of the digital triple tray impression 2002 along the sidewall axis 2009 to determine one or more digital sidewall surface regions 2012. In some embodiments, the entire sidewall is removed by removing all sidewall surface regions visible from the sidewall axis 2013 and the impression axis 2009. This can, for example, remove all sidewall surface regions in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the cone aperture of the multiple sidewall directions 2003 can be any value. In one embodiment, the cone aperture to remove sidewall region 2006 can be up to 120 degrees, for example. However, the aperture can be increased or decreased in some embodiments as necessary to determine visibility of all of the sidewall regions. The cone aperture can be the angle between any pair of the most distant directions in the cone.

At least a portion of the digital sidewall surface region 2012 can be deleted from the digital dental impression by the computer-implemented method in some embodiments. The same computer-implemented method can be applied to the other sidewall surface 2010 visible from sidewall directions 2008. In some embodiments, the directions have a substantially conical shape centered mostly around the sidewall axis 2013. In some embodiments, all sidewall regions around the entire digital dental impression with normals orthogonal to the occlusion axis can be removed by the computer-implemented method. In some embodiments, the sidewall surfaces 2010 and 2012 can be digital surface mesh triangles.

The sidewall surface region 2012 shown in FIG. 29 is an example provided for illustrative purposes. No limitation as to its placement, orientation, size, or number of directions or regions or their proportion to each other is intended. A greater or smaller portion of the sidewall surface region 2012 can be removed by the computer-implemented method. In some embodiments, the digital triple tray impression 2002 can have an impression side and non-impression side (not shown), and its sidewalls can be removed using the same process.

Surface Region Determination

In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method of splitting a digital dental impression includes determining one or more first digital surface regions visible in one or more first directions on a first side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis and determining one or more second digital surface regions visible in one or more second directions on a second side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis. Surface region determination can be performed automatically by the computer-implemented method automatically in some embodiments.

FIG. 30 illustrates an example of determining a first and second side of the digital dental impression in first and second directions along an occlusion axis. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can generate first set of directions 300 and second set of directions 304 as discussed in the Direction Determination section and throughout the present disclosure. The cone aperture of the directions generated can be any value. In one embodiment, the cone aperture can be up to 60 degrees, for example. In one embodiment, the cone aperture can be up to 120 degrees. The cone aperture can be increased or decreased as necessary so that a sufficient region of the digital surface is visible. The cone aperture can be the angle between any pair of the most distant directions in the cone aperture.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines first and second triangles and unattributed triangles by projecting a triangle in a direction onto a 2D plane of pixels as described in the Surface Visibility section and other sections of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 30 , the computer-implemented method determines first digital surface regions visible in first directions 300 on a first side 302 of the digital dental impression around the occlusion axis 2011. The computer-implemented method determines second digital surface regions visible in second directions 304 on a second side 306 of the digital dental impression around the occlusion axis 2011 as illustrated in FIG. 30 . In some embodiments, digital surface regions visible from both first directions 300 and second directions 304 are determined to be unattributed regions by the computer-implemented method. In some embodiments, digital surface regions not visible from either first directions 300 and second directions 304 are also determined to be unattributed regions by the computer-implemented method. In some embodiments, the one or more first and second digital surface regions can include triangles, for example.

FIG. 31 illustrates a cross section of at least a portion of a first side 2202 of digital dental impression 2201 and at least a portion of a second side 2210 of the digital dental impression 2201 with occlusion axis 2011. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines one or more first digital surface regions 2207 visible from one or more first directions 300 around the occlusion axis 2011 on the first side 2202 of digital dental impression 2201. In some embodiments, the one or more first digital surface regions 2207 can include one or more digital surface mesh triangles. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine one or more digital surface mesh triangles visible in at least one direction of the first set of directions 300 as belonging to the first digital surface region.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines one or more second digital surface regions 2209 visible in one or more second directions 304 around the occlusion axis 2011 on the second side 2210 of digital dental impression 2201. In some embodiments, one or more second digital surface regions 2209 can include one or more digital surface mesh triangles. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine one or more digital surface mesh triangles oriented toward at least one direction of the second set of directions 304.

In some embodiments, some digital surface regions may not be visible from one or more first directions 304 or one or more second directions 304. One or more unattributed regions 2212 can arise when the impression material between teeth of opposite jaws is too thin, for example. As shown in FIG. 18 , this can cause “holes” or tunnels 901, 903, 905, 907 to appear in some areas.

The example in FIG. 32 shows one potential effect of tunnels 902. FIG. 32 illustrates an example of a cross section of a region of a first side 2212 and a region of a second side 2211 of the digital dental impression 2201 with occlusion axis 2011. Due to missing or thin impression material between first side 2212 and the second side 2211, digital surface region 2252 is visible from one or more directions 2222 from the first set of directions 300 and to one or more directions 2438 from the second set of directions 304. Similarly, digital surface region 225 is visible from at least one or more directions 2244 from the first set of directions 300 and from at least one or more directions 2242 from the second set of directions 304, and digital surface region 2208 is visible from at least one or more directions 2227 from the first set of directions 300 and to one or more directions 2228 from the second set of directions 304.

Since the digital surface regions 2252, 2254 and 2208 are visible from at least a portion of both first and second sets of directions, the computer-implemented method determines the one or more digital surface regions in those digital surface areas to be unattributed regions. In some embodiments, digital surface regions may not be visible from any direction. The computer-implemented method determines these to be non-visible digital surface regions.

In some embodiments, the first and second digital surface regions and the one or more unattributed regions are triangles.

Segmentation

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can segment the entire digital dental impression surface into one or more digital segments. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can segment the digital dental impression surface in three dimensions (3D) using curvature based segmentation. This can include, for example, watershed segmentation. Segmentation can be performed by the computer-implemented method automatically in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the digital dental impression surface can include one or more triangles that connect at edges and vertices to form the digital surface mesh. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines the curvature of every triangle in the digital surface mesh. The computer-implemented method can determine the curvature of each particular triangle by either determining the average curvature of the particular triangle's vertices or the average curvature of the particular triangle's edges as described in the Curvature Determination section and other sections of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the computer-implemented method can determine the curvature of a particular triangle by determining a curvature at each of the edge of the particular triangle and calculating an average of the edge curvatures as discussed in the Curvature Determination section of the present disclosure. FIG. 33(a) illustrates an example in some embodiments of determining an average of the edge curvatures in which a particular triangle 2402 includes a first edge 2405, a second edge 2407, and a third edge at 2409. The computer-implemented method can determine the curvature at the first edge 2405 based on the dihedral angle between the particular triangle 2402 and adjacent triangle 2408. The computer-implemented method can determine the curvature at the second edge 2407 based on the dihedral angle as described in this disclosure between the particular triangle 2402 and adjacent triangle 2406. The computer-implemented method can determine the curvature at the third edge 2409 based on the dihedral angle between the particular triangle 2402 and adjacent triangle 2404. The computer-implemented method can then determine the average of the curvatures of the first edge 2405, the second edge 2407, and the third edge at 2409 to determine the curvature of the particular triangle 2402. The computer-implemented method can in some embodiments store the curvature of the particular triangle 2402 in a look-up table, for example. The computer-implemented method can repeat this process with every triangle in the digital surface mesh and determine the curvature at each triangle in the digital surface mesh.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can assign a user-selectable positive or negative sign to each triangle's curvature. For example, if the curvature is set to the most convex edges, then any concave regions are assigned a negative sign, and any convex regions are assigned a positive sign. If the curvature is set to the most concave edges, then any convex regions are assigned a negative sign, and any concave regions are assigned positive signs. The concavity/convexity can be defined with respect to a digital surface normal. For surface normal directed outside of the digital surface, the computer-implemented method can assign a positive value to convex edges and a negative value to concave edges, for example. For normals directed inside of the digital surface, the computer-implemented method can assign positive values to convex edges and negative values to concave edges, for example. In some embodiments, segment boundaries correspond to maximum curvatures along the digital surface.

After determining each particular triangle's curvature, the computer-implemented method can segment triangles based on 3D curvature-based segmentation. In some embodiments, watershed segmentation is used. For example, in some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines the curvature for each triangle. The curvature of each triangle can, in some embodiments, be stored in a lookup table. The computer implemented-method can start with a triangle with a minimum curvature as a particular triangle being evaluated. The computer-implemented method can look up the curvatures of triangles in the neighborhood of the particular triangle being evaluated from the look up table, for example. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine neighboring triangle curvatures from the look-up table. Any neighboring triangles with curvatures greater than the particular triangle being evaluated can be added to a segment to which the particular triangle being evaluated belongs. Any neighboring triangles with curvatures less than the curvature of the particular triangle are not added to the particular triangle's segment. The computer-implemented method then selects a neighborhood triangle as the next particular triangle to be evaluated and repeats the process for every triangle.

FIG. 33(a) illustrates an example in some embodiments of watershed segmentation of triangles. As discussed herein, the computer-implemented method determines the curvature of all of the triangles in the digital surface mesh. In one embodiment, the computer-implemented method stores the curvatures of the triangles in a lookup table. The computer-implemented method identifies the triangle with the minimum curvature, for example, particular triangle 2402. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine the triangle with the minimum curvature using the look up table. The computer-implemented method determines the curvatures of neighboring triangles 2404, 2408 and 2406. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine the curvatures of neighboring triangles from the lookup table. In the example, if the neighboring triangle 2406 has a greater curvature compared to the curvature of triangle 2402, then the neighboring triangle 2406 can be considered as part of the same watershed as the particular triangle 2402. The computer-implemented method combines the digital surface triangle 2402 with triangle 2406 into a single segment such as segment 2411 as illustrated in FIG. 33(a).

The computer-implemented method next can compare the curvature of neighboring triangle 2404 with the curvature of the particular triangle 2402, for example. If, for example, the curvature of neighboring triangle 2408 is greater than the minimum curvature (i.e. the curvature of 2402), then the triangle 2408 is merged with the segment 2411 containing triangle 2402. As illustrated in FIG. 33(b), segment 2412 is formed after merging triangle 2408.

If a neighborhood triangle has a lower curvature than the particular triangle 2402 in question, then the neighborhood triangle is not merged with the segment containing the particular triangle 2402 by the computer-implemented method. For example, if neighboring triangle 2404 has a lower curvature than the triangle 2402, then 2404 is not merged with the segment 2412 to which particular triangle 2402 belongs.

After processing a first particular triangle, the computer-implemented method changes to a new particular triangle which can be a neighboring triangle of the first particular triangle. The computer-implemented method can repeat determining segmentation with the new particular triangle being evaluated and segment the entire digital surface. FIG. 33(c) illustrates one example of a segmented digital surface mesh 2414 that includes segment 2416 for example.

Merging

After performing segmentation of triangles, the digital surface mesh can contain a large number of segments as illustrated in FIG. 34 . In some embodiments, the number of segments can be reduced by the computer-implemented method by merging two or more segments together. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can merge small segments into larger ones based on geometric attributes such as their average curvature, average size, area, perimeter, perimeter to area ratio, and other geometric factors. In some embodiments, small segments can be merged based on the visibility of the triangles being merged. Merging can be performed automatically by the computer-implemented method in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines a merge-priority for every two neighboring segments. The computer-implemented method can determine merge-priority of two neighboring segments based on their attributes. If two segments can merge based on their attributes, then in some embodiments the computer-implemented method determines priority based on geometric factors. For example, the computer-implemented method can determine priority based on 1) average curvature inside each segment and on their common boundary (the segments with small difference between the curvature on the boundary and inside the segments merge earlier) and 2) the ratio of the length of the common boundary to the minimal perimeter of the two segments (the segments with larger ratio merge earlier).

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can store priorities in a priority-queue. The computer-implemented method can extract the highest priority from the queue, merge the corresponding two segments, and update the priorities between newly formed segments and their neighbors in the queue. The computer-implemented method can repeat this process until no two segments can be merged any more.

In some embodiments, the smaller segments can be merged until there are between 30-100 large segments, for example. One advantage of merging the segments as described in the present disclosure can include more accuracy of the split digital model jaws, for example.

Non-Anatomical Features

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can classify the one or more smaller segments as non-anatomical imprints for exclusion from the digital dental impression. Digital dental impressions can contain, for example, imprints of air or liquid bubbles, which can be excluded in the digital model. Non-anatomical features can be automatically determined by the computer-implemented method in some embodiments. Non-anatomical feature detection such as bubble detection is optional.

FIG. 35 illustrates an example of one or more bubbles 2517. In some embodiments, bubbles 2517 can be determined during merging.

For example, the computer-implemented method can determine one or more segments to be one or more bubbles based on a segment's area, perimeter, volume and other metrics. As illustrated in FIG. 36 , the bubble 2517 can be a smaller segment having a surface area 2502 much larger than a planar circular surface area with the same perimeter 2504 of the smaller segment. In some embodiments, much larger can be 5 times more or greater. The boundary perimeter 2504 in some embodiments represents a circle with points of highest curvature 2524 and 2525, which can be, for example, where the bubble 2502 contacts the digital surface mesh region 2503. In some embodiments, a bubble can be classified as having a 5 mm threshold for the radius, for example. The one or more small features can be removed from the one or more surface regions of the digital model and one or more holes can optionally be filled at the one or more surface regions where the bubble 2517 was located. Some of these techniques are described in A COMPARISON OF HOLE-FILLING METHODS IN 3D, Int. J. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci., 2016, Vol. 26, No. 4, 85-903, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In one embodiment, a hole filler and surface patching technique by GeoMagic Design X can be used.

During merging of segments, the computer-implemented method determines whether one a bubble segment is being merged with a non-bubble segment. If the bubble segment is being merged with another bubble segment, then the computer-implemented method merges the two bubble segments into one bubble segment. If a bubble segment is being merged with a non-bubble segment already attributed to a jaw, then the computer-implemented method does not merge the bubble segment with the non-bubble segment.

For example, when a new segment is formed, the computer-implemented method can check the segment's perimeter, area and “directed area”. The computer-implemented method can determine a directed area of a segment as

D=1/2|Σi

(p _(i2) −p _(i1))×(p _(i3) −p _(i1))

|,

where i takes indices of all triangles of the segment, and p_(i1), p_(i2), p_(i3) are coordinates of 3 vertices of the triangle I, for example. The computer-implemented method can determine a segment is a bubble segment if the perimeter is less than 7.5 MM, the directed area is less than 0.5 times the area, and the square of the perimeter is less than 25 times the area for example. Other value combinations can be used.

Then a bubble segment can be merged (based on the same priority as all other segments) with another segment by the computer-implemented method only if the resulting bigger segment is also a bubble segment. Otherwise, the bubble segment is not merged with a non-bubble segment by the computer-implemented method.

One advantage of excluding non-anatomical features can be, for example, to create a more accurate and more precise representation of a patient's dentition. Another advantage can be increased speed, for example.

Side Attribution

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can assign segments to a first side, a second side, or an unattributed side of the digital dental impression based on a majority of triangles in the segment. The computer-implemented method can determine side attribution automatically in some embodiments. No segment is attributed to both sides. If a segment includes unattributed triangles, then the unattributed triangles are assigned to the same side as the majority of the triangles by the computer-implemented method. For example, in FIG. 33(b), if a majority of the triangles 2402, 2406, and 2408 were determined by the computer-implemented method to belong to a first side, then the entire segment 2412 is determined by the computer-implemented method to belong to the first side after segmenting. This can resolve any triangles that may have been initially visible from both sides or not visible at all from both sides and therefore determined to be unattributed triangles. No single segment contains parts of both the upper and the lower sides. Every segment represents either a portion of the first side or a portion of the second side, and the boundary between first and second side on the digital surface can coincide with the boundary of some segments. For example, if triangle 2406 were visible from both the first and second sides, it would have been determined by the computer-implemented method to be unattributed to either side. The triangle 2406 is determined by the computer-implemented method to be part of the first side if both triangle 2402 and 2408 were determined to be part of the first side. This is because the majority of the triangles in the segment 2412 were determined to be part of the first side.

If a majority of triangles in a segment do not belong to either side, the entire segment can be determined to be unattributed by the computer-implemented method.

One or more bubble segments are not merged with non-bubble segments such as the one or more larger first or second digital segments by the computer-implemented method. In some embodiments, the segment is attributed to the same side as at least one of its parts by the computer-implemented method.

In some embodiments, the digital surface segments can be identified by the computer-implemented method based on an initial orientation of the physical dental impression in the scanner. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3 , a user can specify the initial orientation of the physical dental impression with respect to a source to specify which side 147 of the physical impression 146 is facing the scanner source such as source of x-ray radiation 142. For single-sided impressions, the user can indicate that either the impression side or the non-impression side is facing the source prior to scanning the physical dental impression. For triple tray and/or full arch impressions, the user can indicate that an upper or lower jaw is initially facing the source prior to scanning the physical dental impression. After scanning the physical impression, generating the digital model, and splitting the digital model into at least one impression segment, the computer-implemented system can determine that the digital surface with the shortest distance to the source is the side initially oriented to face the source. For example, if the first digital surface has the shortest distance to the source, then the first digital surface is the side identified by the user prior to scanning. The second digital surface would then be either the other side (for triple tray and two full arch physical impressions) or the non-impression surface (for single side impressions). In some embodiments, the initial orientation of the physical dental impression in the scanner is known prior to scanning. The computer-implemented method can use the known initial orientation of the physical dental impression in the scanner to classify one or two jaws. For example, the computer-implemented method can classify a preparation jaw and an antagonist jaw or an upper jaw and lower jaw.

Single Jaw Impressions

Some embodiments include digitally excluding non-anatomical data from a digital model of a single-jaw dental impression such as the one shown in FIG. 37(a), for example. Digitally excluding non-anatomical data from a digital model of a single jaw dental impression can be performed automatically in some embodiments. Single-jaw impressions can contain an imprint of only one jaw, with the other side of the impression lacking any anatomical information. With single jaw dental impressions, for example, a first side can be an impression side 2802 and a second side can be a non-impression side 2804 that bears no impression as shown in FIG. 37(a) and as illustrated in FIG. 37(b). In some embodiments, the non-impression side 2804 can be deleted from the digital model.

In some embodiments, determining the impression side 2802 can be based on the presence of dental features such as cusps, for example. Cusps are typically raised points on a tooth crown. The number of cusps on a tooth can depend on the type of tooth. For example, canine teeth may possess a single cusp, premolar teeth may have two cusps each, and molar teeth can have four or five cusps. Cusps appear most on the impression side 2802. For example, an impression side 2802 will typically have more cusps than a non-impression side 2804. For example, FIG. 37(c) illustrates the impression side 2802 with many cusps 2806 detected (denoted by white circles in the figure). FIG. 37(a) illustrates a non-impression side 2804 in which fewer or no cusps, for example, were detected. The computer-implemented method can detect one or more cusp regions on the first side and fewer cups regions on the second side, which is a non-impression side.

To detect cusps, the computer-implemented program first determines an occlusion axis 2904. The occlusion axis can be provided in the digital model, or can be determined as described in the present disclosure for example in the Occlusion Axis section and throughout the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method determines all digital surface peaks in the digital surface model. In some embodiments, the peaks can be determined based on certain criteria, such as having the highest curvature, based on a height, or height to radius ratio.

For example, as shown in the example of FIG. 37(d), the computer-implemented method can in some embodiments detect cusps by determining one or more peaks 800, which can be determined based on a height 802 and a neighborhood radius 806 of perimeter 804 on a given tooth. The perimeter 804 in some embodiments is an empirically set value. In some embodiments, the height 802 to radius 806 ratio is determined and if the height to radius ratio approximately equal to 1, then the peak 800 is identified as a cusp by the computer-implemented method. This can help distinguish a cusp from a ridge, for example.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can detect cusps via curvature, as illustrated in FIG. 38(a) and as described in the Curvature Determination section and throughout the present disclosure, for example. The computer-implemented method can be configured to determine a user-selectable scalar function of principal curvatures at 8402. For example, the computer-implemented method can be configured to select between any scalar functions, including Gaussian curvature and Mean curvature, or any other scalar function. Next, the computer implemented-method can determine principal curvatures at every vertex of a digital surface mesh at 8404. The principle curvatures can be determined by any technique or method. In one embodiment, the principle curvatures are determined for every vertex by the computer-implemented method as described herein, for example in the Curvature Determination section of the present disclosure. The computer-implemented method can apply the selected scalar function to the principle curvatures to determine a selected curvature at 8406. The computer-implemented method can then define/find neighborhood around each vertex of a digital surface at 8408. The computer implemented-method can consider each vertex of a digital surface together with its neighborhood at 8410. The computer implemented method can compare the SCF in the vertex with the SCF in all other vertices of the neighborhood at 8412. If the SCF in the vertex is not greater than the SCF in all other vertices of the neighborhood, then the vertex is not a cusp point at 8418. If the SCF in the vertex is greater than the SCF in all other vertices of the neighborhood, then the computer-implemented method compares the SCF in the vertex to a user-selectable threshold at 8414. If the SCF in the vertex exceeds the threshold, then the computer-implemented method determines that the vertex is a cusp point (and a local maximum of SCF) at 8416. In some embodiments, the mean curvature and k 1 near dental cusps can be at least 100 m⁻¹ or higher, for example.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can detect tooth cusps by determining local maxima by directions as illustrated in the example of FIG. 38(b). In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine directions 2906, 2908, and 2910 as described, for example, in the Direction Determination section and throughout the present disclosure. In some embodiments, at least one direction is along the occlusion axis 2904. For example, direction 2906 can be along the occlusion direction 2904. For each selected direction, the computer-implemented method determines local surface maxima in the direction. For example, as illustrated in the figure, local maximum 2912 is determined along direction 2906, local maximum 2916 is determined along direction 2908, and local maximum 2914 is determined along direction 2910. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can determine the local surface maxima in a particular direction (“maxima” or “directional maxima”) by determining all vertices in a neighborhood of a selected radius of a local maximum having a lower projection (i.e. height) along the direction than the local directional maxima. The computer-implemented method can form a cluster of points of local directional maxim. In some embodiments, each cluster can include one or more local directional maxima. In some embodiments, the one or more several directional maxima can be for one or more directions. In some embodiments, a close group can be designated as two or more directional maxima at or below a threshold distance that can be set by a user and used to process every digital image automatically. In some embodiments, the threshold distance can be in the range of 0 to 1 mm. A cluster can be designated as at least K directional maxima in the close group, where K is a user-selectable value specifying the number of directional maxima in the close group necessary to form a cluster. The computer-implemented method can define cusp-points as centers of clusters containing at least K directional maxima at 8466. Decreasing the value of K can lead to detection of more cusps on the digital surface, and increasing K can decrease the number of cusps found, for example. For example, setting the value of K to 5 requires at least 5 directional maxima within the close group distance to form a cluster. The computer-implemented method can determine the center of the cluster to be the cusp-point. If in the example only 4 or fewer directional maxima were located within the close group distance, then the computer-implemented method would not determine the 4 or fewer directional maxima to be a cluster.

As illustrated in the example shown in FIG. 39 , the computer-implemented method can determine one or more cusps 387 to determine an impression side 384 and non-impression side 380, for example.

The computer-implemented method can perform surface region determination, segmentation, sidewall removal, merging, side attribution, handle non-anatomical features, implement other features as described the present disclosure for single jaw impressions. In some embodiments, the surface regions can be digital surface mesh triangles, for example.

For example, as discussed earlier in this disclosure and as illustrated in FIG. 39 , the computer-implemented method can determine a first digital surface region 386 as visible from one or more first directions 381 around a first side 384 of the digital model of the triple tray impression along the occlusion axis 2011. The computer-implemented method can determine a second digital surface region 385 as visible from one or more second directions 382 around a second side 380 of the digital model of the triple tray impression along the occlusion axis 2011.

In some embodiments, the rays can be selected in the cone around occlusion direction with the aperture 60 degrees with the angles between individual rays not less than 10 degrees, for example. In one embodiment, the cone aperture to can be a user-selectable value up to and including 40 degrees, for example. However, the aperture can be increased or decreased as necessary to cover a sufficient digital surface region. For example, for cusps detection if the aperture is decreased too much, then not all cusps will be found on teeth inclined relative to the occlusion direction. If the aperture is increased too much, then false cusps will be found on the folds of the gum or other not-tooth regions of the digital surface.

The computer-implemented method can segment the digital surface mesh as described in the present disclosure. For example, the computer-implemented method can segment the digital surface mesh of the single jaw impression using curvature based segmentation as described in the present disclosure. For single-jaw impressions, the segments can include impression segments, non-impression segments, and any bubble segments, for example. The segments can be merged as described in the present disclosure. After merging, non-anatomical digital surface mesh surfaces such as the non-impression segments and bubbles can be discarded by the computer-implemented method. The computer-implemented method can delete non-anatomical digital surface mesh features as described in the disclosure herein. For example, the computer-implemented method can delete the non-impression side 380 by retaining only those digital surface mesh segments visible from the impression side 384.

Two Full Arch Impressions

Some embodiments include a computer-implemented method of splitting a single image of two full arch physical impressions that were scanned together. For some patients, two separate (full arch) physical impressions are received instead of a triple tray impression, for example. As illustrated in the example shown in FIG. 40(a), independent first and second full arch physical dental impressions 3102 and 3104 are received. In some embodiments, the full arch physical impressions 3102 and 310 can be mounted together onto a mounting element 3108. The mounting element 3108 can be configured to receive the independent physical first and second full arch impressions 3102 and 3104 and hold them in proximity during scanning as illustrated in FIG. The mounting element 3108 and the two full arch physical impressions 3102 and 3104 can be placed in a CT scanner. In some embodiments, the mounting element 3108 and the two full arch physical impressions 3102 and 3104 together can be rotated 3110 in the CT scanner and scanned as shown, for example. The rotation can be clockwise or counter clockwise, and the first and second full arch physical impressions 3102 and 3104 can be mounted on the mounting element 3108 in any orientation. Scanning the independent first and second full arch physical impressions 3102 and 3104 together produces a single digital file of voxels. As illustrated in FIG. 41 , a single digital surface 3112 of the two full arch physical impressions can be generated from the single digital image as discussed previously in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the single digital file of voxels can be converted into the single digital surface 3112 using Marching Cubes or other techniques known in the art as discussed previously in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the single digital file of voxels can be converted into a single digital surface 3112 by the computer-implemented method using the methods described in the PROCESSING CT SCAN OF DENTAL IMPRESSION application filed concurrently with this application as discussed previously in the present disclosure. The single digital surface 3112 can be split into first 3116 and second 3118 digital full arch surfaces by the computer-implemented method. In some embodiments, splitting the single digital surface into first and second digital full arch surfaces can be performed by the computer-implemented method automatically.

In some embodiments, splitting the single digital surface of the two full arches 3112 by the computer-implemented method includes determining an occlusion axis 3120 as illustrated in the example of FIG. 42 . In some embodiments, the occlusion axis 3120 of the single digital surface 3112 can be automatically determined by the computer-implemented method by determining a least squares plane 3172 for the entire digital surface and determining the occlusion axis 3120 as a normal to the least squares plane 3172 as described in the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, splitting the single digital surface 3112 by the computer-implemented method includes surface region determination, segmentation, merging, detecting cusps, and handling sidewall regions and non-anatomical features as described previously in this disclosure. In one embodiment, detecting cusps and sidewalls can optionally be skipped.

For example, as illustrated in the example of FIG. 43 , the computer-implemented method can determine one or more first digital surface regions 3126 on a first side 3122 of the single digital surface 3112 around the occlusion axis 3120 and one or more second surface regions 3128 on a second side 3124 of the single digital surface 3112. The computer-implemented method can determine each of the first digital surface regions 3126 visible in the second digital surface regions 3128 as unattributed. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 43 , the digital surface regions (both labeled and unlabeled) can be, for example, digital surface mesh triangles. The surface regions and digital surface mesh triangles illustrated in FIG. 43 and are for illustrative purposes only.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can segment the digital dental impression surface in three dimensions (3D) using curvature based segmentation as described previously in this disclosure. Curvature based segmentation in some embodiments can include determining surface curvature of the one or more first, second, and unattributed digital surface regions and joining the one or more regions into one or more segments. This can include, for example, watershed segmentation as described in this disclosure.

After performing segmentation of digital surface regions, the digital surface mesh can contain a large number of segments as described previously in this disclosure. The number of segments can be reduced by the computer-implemented method by merging two or more segments together. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method can merge small segments into larger ones based on their curvature, area, perimeter, and other metrics as described previously in the present disclosure.

In some embodiments segmentation by the computer-implemented method can classify the one or more smaller segments as non-anatomical imprints for exclusion from the digital dental impression as described previously in the present disclosure. Non-anatomical features such as bubbles, for example, can be excluded by the computer-implemented method from the digital dental impression.

In some embodiments, a largest connected component among the first and second set of surface regions 3126 and 3128 can be selected by the computer-implemented method to disconnect or split the digital surfaces of both jaws. For example, a largest connected component 3132 as shown in FIG. 44 among the first surface regions 3126 can be used to split digital jaw surfaces as illustrated in FIG. 45 into a first jaw 3134 and a second jaw 3136.

One advantage of scanning two full arch physical impressions together is to reduce the occupancy of the CT scanner and therefore decrease the time required to scan the full arch physical impressions, for example. This can increase efficiency by allowing for more scans in the same period of time, for example.

As illustrated in FIG. 46 , also disclosed is a method of scanning two full arch physical impressions together in some embodiments. The method includes receiving two full arch physical impressions 3138, mounting the full arch physical impressions together onto a mounting element 3140, placing the mounting element and the two full arch physical impressions in a CT scanner 3142, constructing a combined digital surface of the two full arch physical impressions 3144, and splitting the combined digital dental impression into a first and second digital full arch impression 3146.

As illustrated in FIG. 47 , some embodiments include receiving a digital model of a dental impression 3160, performing curvature based segmentation to identify one or more small features on one or more surface regions based on one or more from the group consisting of perimeter, volume, or surface area 3162, and removing the one or more small features from the one or more surface regions of the digital model 3164.

FIG. 48 illustrates a digital dental impression processing system 14000 in some embodiments. The system 14000 can include a processor 14030, computer-readable storage medium 14034 having instructions executable by the processor to perform steps described in the present disclosure. The single digital dental impression 14014 can optionally be provided by an optional scanner 14028, for example. The optional scanner 14028 can be a CT scanner or an optical scanner, for example. The digital dental impression processing system 14000 can optionally provide one or more digital models with a split digital dental impression 14040. The digital dental impression processing system 14000 can optionally provide an occlusion axis 14041. In some embodiments, the split digital dental impression 14040 can include one or more segments. In some embodiments, the one or more segments can include one or more jaw(s) of the digital dental impression.

One or more of the features disclosed herein can be performed and/or attained automatically, without manual or user intervention. One or more of the features disclosed herein can be performed by a computer-implemented method. The features—including but not limited to any methods and systems—disclosed may be implemented in computing systems. For example, the computing environment 14042 used to perform these functions can be any of a variety of computing devices (e.g., desktop computer, laptop computer, server computer, tablet computer, gaming system, mobile device, programmable automation controller, video card, etc.) that can be incorporated into a computing system comprising one or more computing devices. In some embodiments, the computing system may be a cloud-based computing system.

For example, a computing environment 14042 may include one or more processing units 14030 and memory 14032. The processing units execute computer-executable instructions. A processing unit 14030 can be a central processing unit (CPU), a processor in an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or any other type of processor. In some embodiments, the one or more processing units 14030 can execute multiple computer-executable instructions in parallel, for example. In a multi-processing system, multiple processing units execute computer-executable instructions to increase processing power. For example, a representative computing environment may include a central processing unit as well as a graphics processing unit or co-processing unit. The tangible memory 14032 may be volatile memory (e.g., registers, cache, RAM), non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, etc.), or some combination of the two, accessible by the processing unit(s). The memory stores software implementing one or more innovations described herein, in the form of computer-executable instructions suitable for execution by the processing unit(s).

A computing system may have additional features. For example, in some embodiments, the computing environment includes storage 14034, one or more input devices 14036, one or more output devices 14038, and one or more communication connections 14037. An interconnection mechanism such as a bus, controller, or network, interconnects the components of the computing environment. Typically, operating system software provides an operating environment for other software executing in the computing environment, and coordinates activities of the components of the computing environment.

The tangible storage 14034 may be removable or non-removable, and includes magnetic or optical media such as magnetic disks, magnetic tapes or cassettes, CD-ROMs, DVDs, or any other medium that can be used to store information in a non-transitory way and can be accessed within the computing environment. The storage 14034 stores instructions for the software implementing one or more innovations described herein.

The input device(s) may be, for example: a touch input device, such as a keyboard, mouse, pen, or trackball; a voice input device; a scanning device; any of various sensors; another device that provides input to the computing environment; or combinations thereof. For video encoding, the input device(s) may be a camera, video card, TV tuner card, or similar device that accepts video input in analog or digital form, or a CD-ROM or CD-RW that reads video samples into the computing environment. The output device(s) may be a display, printer, speaker, CD-writer, or another device that provides output from the computing environment.

The communication connection(s) enable communication over a communication medium to another computing entity. The communication medium conveys information, such as computer-executable instructions, audio or video input or output, or other data in a modulated data signal. A modulated data signal is a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media can use an electrical, optical, RF, or other carrier.

Any of the disclosed methods can be implemented as computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable storage media 14034 (e.g., one or more optical media discs, volatile memory components (such as DRAM or SRAM), or nonvolatile memory components (such as flash memory or hard drives)) and executed on a computer (e.g., any commercially available computer, including smart phones, other mobile devices that include computing hardware, or programmable automation controllers) (e.g., the computer-executable instructions cause one or more processors of a computer system to perform the method). The term computer-readable storage media does not include communication connections, such as signals and carrier waves. Any of the computer-executable instructions for implementing the disclosed techniques as well as any data created and used during implementation of the disclosed embodiments can be stored on one or more computer-readable storage media 14034. The computer-executable instructions can be part of, for example, a dedicated software application or a software application that is accessed or downloaded via a web browser or other software application (such as a remote computing application). Such software can be executed, for example, on a single local computer (e.g., any suitable commercially available computer) or in a network environment (e.g., via the Internet, a wide-area network, a local-area network, a client-server network (such as a cloud computing network), or other such network) using one or more network computers.

For clarity, only certain selected aspects of the software-based implementations are described. Other details that are well known in the art are omitted. For example, it should be understood that the disclosed technology is not limited to any specific computer language or program. For instance, the disclosed technology can be implemented by software written in C++, Java, Perl, Python, JavaScript, Adobe Flash, or any other suitable programming language. Likewise, the disclosed technology is not limited to any particular computer or type of hardware. Certain details of suitable computers and hardware are well known and need not be set forth in detail in this disclosure.

It should also be well understood that any functionality described herein can be performed, at least in part, by one or more hardware logic components, instead of software. For example, and without limitation, illustrative types of hardware logic components that can be used include Field-programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Program-specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Program-specific Standard Products (ASSPs), System-on-a-chip systems (SOCs), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), etc.

Furthermore, any of the software-based embodiments (comprising, for example, computer-executable instructions for causing a computer to perform any of the disclosed methods) can be uploaded, downloaded, or remotely accessed through a suitable communication means. Such suitable communication means include, for example, the Internet, the World Wide Web, an intranet, software applications, cable (including fiber optic cable), magnetic communications, electromagnetic communications (including RF, microwave, and infrared communications), electronic communications, or other such communication means.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosure may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only examples and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by all that comes within the scope and spirit of the following claims.

EXAMPLES

Several examples of a computer-implemented method of splitting a digital dental impression in some embodiments are described. These examples are for illustrative purposes.

FIG. 49(a) illustrates one example of a computer-implemented method of digitally processing a digital dental impression. The computer-implemented method optionally includes determining an occlusion axis of a digital dental impression at 4102. The computer-implemented method includes determining one or more first digital surface regions visible from a first side of the digital dental impression along an occlusion axis and one or more second digital surface regions visible from a second side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis along an occlusion axis at 4104, segmenting the digital dental impression into one or more digital segments at 4106, and determining the one or more digital segments as a first digital segment or a second digital surface segment based on the majority of digital surface regions in the one or more digital segments at 4108. The computer-implemented method can optionally include splitting the one or more first digital surface segments from the one or more second digital surface segments at 4110.

Some embodiments can include one or more optional features. For example, some embodiments include determining one or more cusp regions on the first side and fewer cups regions on the second side, the second side includes a non-impression side. In some embodiments, the segmenting can include curvature-based segmentation. Some embodiments can include merging one or more smaller digital segments into the first digital segment or the second digital segment based on one selected from the group consisting of segment curvature, area, and perimeter. The segmenting can include determining segment boundaries by concavity. The segment boundaries can correspond to maximum curvature along the digital surface. In some embodiments, the segmenting can also optionally include determining one or more bubble segments and merging can exclude the one or more bubble segments from merging with the one or more first digital segments and the one or more second digital segments. Some embodiments also include merging one or more smaller segments into a larger segment in the same jaw as the larger segment. The bubble can be a smaller segment having a surface area greater than a boundary perimeter of the smaller segment.

Some embodiments optionally include determining an impression axis longitudinal along a surface impression area, determining a sidewall axis perpendicular to the occlusion axis and the impression axis, determining one or more sidewall jaw regions visible from one or more sidewall directions around the sidewall axis, and removing the one or more sidewall jaw regions.

In some embodiments, the occlusion axis can be auto-detected. Some embodiments can further include determining one or more unattributed regions as visible from the first and the second side of the digital dental impression.

Some embodiments can optionally include scanning two full arch physical dental impressions together in a scanner and constructing a single digital dental impression of the two full arch physical dental impressions. Some embodiments optionally include mounting the full arch physical dental impressions together onto a mounting element, placing the mounting element and the two full arch physical impressions in a CT scanner.

As illustrated in the example of FIG. 48 , some embodiments include a system for digitally processing a digital dental impression. The system can include, for example, a processor such as processing unit(s) 14030, and a computer-readable storage medium such as storage 14034 including instructions executable by the processor to perform steps including determining one or more first digital surface regions visible from a first side of the digital dental impression along an occlusion axis and one or more second digital surface regions visible from a second side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis, segmenting the digital dental impression into one or more digital segments, determining the one or more digital segments as a first digital segment or a second digital segment based on the majority of digital surface regions in the one or more digital segments. The instructions executable by the processor to perform steps can optionally include splitting the one or more first digital segments from the one or more second digital surface segments. The instructions executable by the processor to perform steps can optionally include determining an occlusion axis of a digital dental impression,

As illustrated in the example of FIG. 48 , some embodiments non-transitory computer readable medium such as storage 14034 storing executable computer program instructions for digitally processing a digital dental impression, the computer program instructions including instructions for determining one or more first digital surface regions visible from a first side of the digital dental impression along an occlusion axis and one or more second digital surface regions visible from a second side of the digital dental impression along the occlusion axis, segmenting the digital dental impression into one or more digital segments, and determining the one or more digital segments as a first digital segment or a second digital segment based on the majority of digital surface regions in the one or more digital segments. The computer program instructions can optionally include splitting the one or more first digital segments from the one or more second digital surface segments. The computer program instructions can optionally include determining an occlusion axis of a digital dental impression,

As illustrated in FIG. 49(b), some embodiments include a computer-implemented method of processing a digital dental impression. The computer-implemented method can include segmenting a digital surface based on curvature into one or more segments at 4112, determining one or more segments as bubble regions at 4114, and removing the one or more bubble regions from the digital dental impression 4116.

FIG. 49(c) illustrates an example of a computer-implemented method of automatically determining an occlusion axis. The computer-implemented method can include determining a first and last intersection point between a digital dental impression and a chosen direction at 4126, calculating a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions at 4128, selecting a criteria indicating a occlusion axis 4130, and applying the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions to determine the occlusion axis, wherein an occlusion axis can include the occlusion axis at 4132. In some embodiments the criteria can optionally be a minimum thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points.

FIG. 49(d) illustrates an example of a computer-implemented method of automatically determining an occlusion axis including generating two or more renderings of a digital dental impression in two or more directions 4118, selecting a criteria indicating an orientation of an occlusion axis at 4122, and applying the criteria to a difference between depth values of the two or more renderings at each pixel to determine the occlusion axis at 4124. In some embodiments the criteria can optionally be a minimum thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points.

As discussed with respect to FIG. 27 , an example of a computer-implemented method of automatically determining the occlusion axis is disclosed. The computer-implemented method can automatically determine the occlusion axis by optionally determining a plurality of candidate directions at 1502 to determine a first and last intersection point between the digital dental impression and along a chosen direction at 1504. The computer-implemented method can determine a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions at 1506 and can determine a criteria for the occlusion axis at 1508. The criteria is applied to the metric to one or more candidate directions at 1510.

In some embodiments, the metric can be a thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points at 1516. The criteria can be a minimum thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points at 1518. Some embodiments include generating a first rendering in a first direction, generating a second rendering in a second direction opposite the first direction and calculating the metric at each pixel as a difference between depth values of the first and second renderings. Some embodiments can include determining an approximate location of teeth in anterior and quadrant triple tray impressions by calculating a cylinder along a best least-squares line fit to the digital surface of the digital model at 1520 and computing a thickness of digital dental impression material along each of a plurality of directions only inside the cylinder at 1521. Some embodiments can include finding a least-squares best line fit to the digital surface of the digital model and searching for the occlusion axis only along a direction orthogonal to the line at 1523. Some embodiments include scanning a physical impression in a CT scanner to generate a digital dental impression at 1514.

A system of automatic detection of an occlusion axis direction in a digital dental impression is also disclosed. This can include, for example, a system of automatic detection of a direction facing an opposing jaw. A digital dental impression processing system includes a processor, a computer-readable storage medium that includes instructions executable by the processor to perform steps to receive a CT scanned digital dental impression. The digital dental impression processing system is configured to determine a plurality of candidate directions in the digital dental impression, determine a first and last intersection point between the digital dental impression and along a chosen direction, calculate a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions select a criteria for indicating the occlusion axis, and apply the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions.

A non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable computer program instructions for automatic detection of a direction facing an opposing jaw in a digital dental impression, the computer program instructions comprising instructions for determining a plurality of candidate directions, determining a first and last intersection point between the digital dental impression and along a chosen direction, calculating a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions, selecting a criteria indicating the occlusion axis, and applying the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions.

In some embodiments, a CT scanner is arranged to generate a digital dental impression of a physical dental impression.

One advantage of one or more features as described herein can be more accuracy of one or more digital dental impression jaws by, for example, increased granularity in determining features of the digital model and/or removing non-anatomical features, for example.

One advantage of one or more features as described herein can include separating digital features such as digital representations of two jaws from each other, for example. This can allow scanning of physical dental impressions that include two jaws or portions of two j aws, for example. Another advantage can include excluding or removing non-anatomical features from the digital model, for example. Another advantage can include determining the occlusion axis and therefore orientation of the jaw(s) of the digital model regardless of the scan orientation, for example. Another advantage can include performing one or more features automatically, for example. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method of automatically determining an occlusion axis, comprising: determining a first and last intersection point between a digital dental impression and a chosen direction; calculating a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions; selecting a criteria indicating a occlusion axis; and applying the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions to determine the occlusion axis, wherein an occlusion axis comprises the direction facing the opposing jaw.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the criteria is a minimum thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the criteria is a minimum of average thicknesses of digital dental impression material along a direction among candidate directions.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a cylinder along a least-squares line fit to the digital surface of the digital model and computing a thickness of digital dental impression material along each of a plurality of directions only inside the cylinder.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cylinder is arranged with a radius to include teeth and exclude walls.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the thickness of digital dental impression material is computed only for triangles visible within the cylinder.
 7. A system for automatic detection of an occlusion axis in a digital dental impression, the system comprising: a processor; a computer-readable storage medium including instructions executable by the processor to perform steps including: determining a plurality of candidate directions, determining a first and last intersection point between the digital dental impression and along a chosen direction, calculating a metric between the first and last intersection point for a plurality of directions, selecting a criteria indicating the occlusion axis and applying the criteria to the metric to one or more candidate directions.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the criteria is a minimum thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points.
 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the criteria is a minimum of average thicknesses of digital dental impression material along a direction among candidate directions.
 10. The system of claim 7, further comprising determining a cylinder along a least-squares line fit to the digital surface of the digital model and computing a thickness of digital dental impression material along each of a plurality of directions only inside the cylinder.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the cylinder is arranged with a radius to include teeth and exclude walls.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the thickness of digital dental impression material is computed only for triangles visible within the cylinder.
 13. A computer-implemented method of automatically determining an occlusion axis, comprising: generating a first rendering in a first direction of a digital dental impression; generating a second rendering in a second direction opposite the first direction; selecting a criteria indicating an orientation of an occlusion axis; and applying the criteria to a difference between depth values of the first and second renderings at each pixel to determine the occlusion axis.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the criteria is a minimum thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the criteria is a minimum of average thicknesses of digital dental impression material along a direction among candidate directions.
 16. A system for automatic detection of an occlusion axis in a digital dental impression, the system comprising: a processor; and a computer-readable storage medium including instructions executable by the processor to perform steps including: generating a first rendering in a first direction of a digital dental impression; generating a second rendering in a second direction opposite the first direction; selecting a criteria indicating an orientation of an occlusion axis; and applying the criteria to a difference between depth values of the first and second renderings at each pixel to determine the occlusion axis.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the criteria is a minimum thickness of digital dental impression material between the first and last intersection points.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the criteria is a minimum of average thicknesses of digital dental impression material along a direction among candidate directions.
 19. The system of claim 16, wherein generating the first rendering and generating the second rendering is performed by a graphics hardware card. 